英国学简史重点汇总及简答题（完整）英国学简史重点汇总及简答题（完整）英国学简史Conquests & InfluencesA. Early period: The Roman conquest(1) The Roman civilization 罗马明(2) Christianity 基督教(3) Flouring (兴旺) of towns along military roadsB. The English conquest:(1) Three tribes : the Angles, Saxons and Jutes(2) Tribal society-feudalism 社会封建制度C. Medieval period: The Danish and Norman conquest(1) The French-Speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066(2) Establishment of feudalism 封建制度(3) French words came to EnglishD. Anglo-Saxon Poetry (499-1066)1.Anglo-Saxons: the ancestors of todays Englishmen2.The beginning of history of English literature3.Features: Alliteration 头韵Rhymes metaphors押韵的喻Understatements保守陈述4.The only great work: Beowulf【Beowulf】贝奥武夫( A folk song or poem )1. A national epic (史诗般的作品) of the English people.2. Pagan (异教徒的) poetry & No representative figure(没有代表性物)3. A folk legend brought to England by Anglo-Saxon from Northern Europe.4. Praises mans energy, intellect and love of life; and exposes the social vices. (社会的暗)Features of Beowulf: 1.Alliteration 2.Metaphors 隐喻3.UnderstatementsThe significance of Beowulf1.This glorious (辉煌的) epic presents us a vivid picture of the life of Anglo-Saxon people and highly praises the brave andcourageous spirit of the fighting against the vices.2.The epic reflects the situations the pagan tribalism (部落化) and of the era of the Christianized (基督教化) feudal society.3.The epic gives the vivid portrayal (写照) of a great national hero, strong andcourageous people and his kinfolk. (亲属)Feudal England1.The chief features of the society was division into two classes: Landlords and peasants. ( 地主和农民)2.The peasants rising shook the feudal system in England to the root.The Romance1.The code of manners and morals of a knight is known as chivalry (骑精神).2.The English versions of romances were translated from French or Latin.3.The romance of King Arthur is the most important for the history of English literature.4.The romances culmination (顶点) in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight国王与他的圆桌骑(metrical romance )5.The romances summing up in （托马斯马洛）Tho mas MalorysLe Morte DArthur亚瑟王之死(in English prose散)6.Le Morte D Arthuris a collection of stories about King Arthur, and translated from French by Sir Thomas Malory.【Langland】朗格兰Piers the plowman农民尔斯written by William Langland shows the existence of English popular literature.The English Ballads 英国民谣Ballad：a story told in song, usually in four-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed. （The most importantdepartment of English folk literature is the ballad.）The various ballads of Robin Hood(罗宾汉) are gathered into a collection called: The Geste of Robin Hood 罗宾汉事迹【Chaucer】乔叟（the founder of English poetry）The three periods of C haucers career1. Works translated from French, asThe Romaunt of the Rose玫瑰传奇2. Works adapted from the Italian, asTroilus and Criseyde特洛伊罗斯与克丽西达3.The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集which is purely EnglishThe Canterbury Tales Social Significance1. A true-to-life picture of Chaucers time2. Taking the stand of the rising bourgeoisie资产阶级, Chaucer affirms mens rights to pursue their earthly happiness andopposes the dogma of asceticism preached by the church3. As a forerunner先驱者of humanism, he pr aises mans energy, intellect and love of life4. Attack social evils of his timeChaucers Language，now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. He is a master of world-pictures. His verse (诗) isamong the smoothest in English. There are pages where, in spite of trifling (微不道的) differences in spelling and grammar,hardly a single word will offer difficulties to a man of tolerable (可容忍的) readingin modern English.Chaucers Contribution1. He introduced heroic couplet to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.2. He was the first great poet who wrote in English language (Middle English) , thus establishing English as the literarylanguage.3. He did much in making the London dialect the foundation for modern English language.名词解释1Alliteration is regular repetition of the same sounds-usu. Initial consonants of words or of stressed syllables-in Old andMiddle English verse: Kindest to kinsmen and keenest for fame in Beowulf Alliteration is also known as initial rhymeorhead rhyme.2Epic史诗is a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society fromwhich it originated.3Ballad : a story told in song, usually in four-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.4Heroic Couplet：A traditional form for English poetry: it reflects to rhymed iambic pentameter lines in pairs. Use of theheroic couplet was first pioneered by Geoffrey Chaucer in the Canterbury Tales.Part two：Old English in Transition (P27)1.The New Monarchy 新君主制（the Tudor dynasty, a centralized monarchy 都铎王朝：君主集中制）2.The Reformation(the Protestant Reformation 新教改；宗教化精神改)3. The English Bible：Then appeared the Authorized Version, which was made in 1611 under the auspices of James andso was sometimes called the King James Bible. (The result is a monu