医学英语视听说(第二版)Unit Fourteen Medical Supplies and Technology Medical English Communication:Listening and Speaking(2nd edition)1ContentsPart I Development of Modern Medicine Part II Modern Technology in Medicine Part III Celebrity and Medical Tech Development Part IV Further Thinking2Part IDevelopment of Modern Medicine 3Part IDevelopment of Modern Medicine Video OneModern Medicine Through TimeVideo TwoMRI Scanner InventionVideo ThreeHow do MRI,PET and CAT work?4Video One Modern Medicine Through Time5Think and TalkThepracticeofmedicinechangedrapidlyinscience,aswellasnewapproachesbyphysiciansfrom19thcentury.IncreasingnumberofWomenbegantoserveinmedicine.Thebreakthroughtoprofessionalization of nursing based on knowledge of advancedmedicine was led byFlorence Nightingalein England.The newprofessionprovedhighlyattractivetowomenofallbackgrounds,andschools of nursing opened in the late 19th century.A majorbreakthroughinepidemiologycamewiththeintroductionofstatisticalmaps and graphs.John Snow,considered as one of the foundingfather of modern epidemiology,developed the methods in London.Publichealthmeasuresbecameparticularlyimportantduringthe1918flupandemic,whichkilledatleast50millionpeoplearoundtheworld.Itbecameanimportantcasestudyinepidemiology.Reference6Part I-Video OneThink and TalkPenicillin,agroupofantibiotics,wasdiscoveredin1928byScottish scientist Alexander Fleming.People began using it to treatinfections in 1942.The advances in medicine made a dramaticdifference during Second World War for Allied troops,while theGermansand especially the Japanese and Chinese sufferedfromasevere lack of newer medicines,techniques and facilities.In 1953,James Dewey Watson co-authored withFrancis Crickthe academicpaper proposing thedouble helix structureof theDNAmolecule.Watson,CrickandMauriceWilkinswereawardedthe1962NobelPrizein Physiology or Medicine“for their discoveries concerning themolecularstructureofnucleicacidsanditssignificanceforinformationtransferinlivingmaterial”.Reference7Part I-Video OneTask One:Blank Filling(1)Nobelprizes(2)radioactive(3)epic(4)radiology(5)skingraft(6)proceduresWatch and Do(7)scarred(8)antibiotic(9)bacteria(10)onthebrinkof(11)elaborateon(12)mass-produced8Part I-Video OneTask Two:True or False1.T2.F3.F4.T5.F6.F7.TWatch and Do9Part I-Video OneTask Three:RetellingMary Curie is the first woman to win two Nobel prizes forscience.Curiepavedthewayforradiologyfromthefirsteverx-raytomoderndaycancertreatments.Shediscoveredpoloniumandradium.Alexander Fleming is the Scottish biologist pharmacist andbotanist.Heaccidentallydiscoveredthefirsttypeofantibioticwhenhenoticed that penicillin mold had grown in a petri dish killing off thesurrounding Staphylococcus bacteria.Later Howard Florey and ErnstChaindevelopedastablepenicillinthatcouldbemass-produced.WiththehelpofMorrisWilkinsandRosalindFranklin,CrickandWatsondiscovereddeoxyribonucleicacid,ormoresimply,DNA,atinypartthatdetermineseverythingaboutourbodies.Watch and DoWatch and Do10Part I-Video OneVideo Two MRI Scanner Invention11Think and TalkMRIstandsforMagneticresonanceimaging.MRIisamedicalimagingtechniqueusedinradiologytoformpicturesoftheanatomyandthephysiologicalprocessesofthebody.AnMRIscanusesalargemagnet,radio waves,and a computer to create a detailed,cross-sectionalimageofinternalorgansandstructures.Thescanneritselftypicallyresemblesalargetubewithatableinthemiddle,allowingthepatienttoslidein.Doctors,scientists,andresearchersarenowabletoexamine the inside of the human body in high detail using a non-invasive tool.The following are examples in which an MRI scannerwouldbeused:anomaliesofthebrainandspinalcord;tumors,cysts,and other anomalies in various parts of the body;breastcancerscreeningforwomenwhofaceahighriskofbreastcancer.Reference12Part I-Video TwoTask One:Order Rearrangement5-1-3-7-6-8-2-4Watch and Do13Part I-Video TwoTask Two:Questions and Answers1.BecausehedidnttakehisA-levelsuntilhistwenties.2.Shefeltfrightenedandanxious.3.Theworstthingthatcouldhavehappenedwouldbeacardiacarrest.Watch and Do14Part I-Video TwoTask Two:Questions and Answers4.Becauseunlikex-raystheresnodangerfromradiationinMRI.5.BecausebymakingtheMRImachinesportable,doctorscandomeasurements in very unorthodox situation such as on thebattlefield,orinNorthPole,etc.Watch and Do15Part I-Video TwoVideo Three How do MRI,PET and CAT work?16Think and TalkPositronemissiontomography(PET)scansuseaspecialdyethatcontainsradioactivetracerstoidentifyhowwellyourorgansandothertissueinsideyourbodyarefunctioning.Theseradioactivetracersareswallowed,inhaled,orinjectedintotheveins,andascandetectstheactivityofthetracersonceinsidethebody.Thetracerscollectinareasofthebodywithhighchemicalactivity,whichistypicallyasignofdiseasesuchascancer.Thetracersarealsousedtomeasurebloodflow,oxygenuse,sugarlevels,andthelike.Reference17Part I-Video ThreeThink and TalkComputed tomography(CT)scan,or computerized axialtomography(CAT)ontheotherhand,worksmuchlikeanX-ray,onlywithgreater,3Ddetailoftheorgans,bones,andtissuesinsideyourb