Fundamentals of Channel CodingNew words and phrases1 selectively adv.善于挑选地，仔细挑选2 formula n.公式(pl.formulas,formulae)3 sacrifice v.牺牲4 redundant adj.冗余的，多余的5 demonstrate vt.证明，论证6 orthogonal adj.正交的，直角的7 arbitrarily adv.任意地8 raw adj.未加工的(raw data原始数据)9 denote vt.指示，表示10 retransmission n.转发，转播，中继11 sophisticated adj.复杂的12 impractical adj.不切实际的,不能实行的JP13 parity n.奇偶校验14 encoder n.编码器15 codeword n.码字 16 modulo prep.以为模(modulo2 adder模2加法器)Fundamentals of Channel Coding17 alphabet n.字符表，字母表18 linearity n.线性 19 systematic adj.系统的，体系的(systematic code系统码)20 cyclic n.循环的,周期的(cyclic code循环码cyclic shift循环移位)21 subset n.子集22 convolutional adj.卷积的(convolutional code卷积码)23 algebraic adj.代数的;代数学的(algebraic function代数函数)24 stage n.级 25 outline n.提纲；要点；概要 26 fundamentally adv.基础地，根本地 27 polynomial n.多项式(generator polynomial 生成多项式)28 adder n.加法器29 vector n.矢量，向量(vector array向量数组(矩阵)30 identical adj.一致的，相同的 31 reveal vt.揭示，显示，展现32 trellis n.格子，格子结构 trellis diagram网格图)33 emanate vi.散发，发出，发源(emanate from发出,发源)Fundamentals of Channel Coding1 error detection code 检错码2 error correction code 纠错码,差错检验码 3 AWGN(Additive White Gaussian Noise)加性高斯白噪声4 channel capacity 信道容量5 transmission bandwidth 传输带宽6 signal power 信号功率7 singlesided noise power density 单边噪声功率密度8 bandwidth efficiency 带宽效率9 SNR(S/N,signaltonoise ratio)信噪比,信号噪声比 10 BER(Bit Error Ratio)误码率,误比特率11 in the limit 在极限情况下12 block code 分组码,块码Fundamentals of Channel Coding13 FEC(Forward Error Correction)前向纠错14 code rate 编码率15 code distance(distance of a code)码距 16 code weight(weight of a code)码权,码重 17 Hamming distance 汉明距离，汉明间距18 coding gain 编码增益19 shift register 移位寄存器20 constraint length 制约长度21 generator 生成矩阵22 logic table 逻辑表23 state diagram 状态图24 tree diagram 树形图Fundamentals of Channel Coding Channel coding protects digital data from errors by selectively introducing redundancies in the transmitted data.Channel codes that are used to detect errors are called error detection codes,while codes that can detect and correct errors are called error correction codes.In 1948,Shannon demonstrated that by proper encoding of the information,errors induced by a noisy channel can be reduced to any desired level without sacrificing the rate of information transfer.Shannons channel capacity formula is applicable to the AWGN channel and is given by C=Blog2(1+P/N0B)=Blog2(1+S/N)(4.1)where C is the channel capacity(bits per second),B is the transmission bandwidth(Hz),P is the received signal power(W),and N0 is the singlesided noise power density(W/Hz).The received power at a receiver is given as P=Eb/Rb(4.2)where Eb is the average bit energy,and Rb is the transmission bit rate.Equation(4.1)can be normalized by the transmission bandwidth and is given byC/B=log2(1+Eb/N0*Rb/B)(4.3）where C/B denotes bandwidth efficiency.Fundamentals of Channel Coding The basic purpose of error detection and error correction techniques is to introduce redundancies in the data to improve wireless link performance.The introduction of redundant bits increases the raw data rate used in the link,hence increases the bandwidth requirement for a fixed source data rate.This reduces the bandwidth efficiency of the link in high SNR conditions,but provides excellent BER performance at low SNR values.It is well known that the use of orthogonal signaling allows the probability of error to become arbitrarily small by expanding the signal set,i.e.,by making the number of waveforms M,provided that the SNR per bit exceeds the Shannon limit of SNR b-16 dB.In the limit,Shannons result indicates that extremely wideband signals could be used to achieve error free communications,as long as sufficientSNR exists.Error control coding waveforms,on the other hand,have bandwidth expansion factors that grow onlylinearly with the code block length.Fundamentals of Channel CodingError correction coding thus offers advantages in bandwidth limited applications,and also provides link protection in power limited applications.A channel coder operates on digital message(or source)data by encoding the source information into a code sequence for transmission through the channel.There are two basic types of error correction and detection codes:blockcodes and convolutional codes.Exercises.Please translate the following words and phrases into Chinese.1.channel coding2.transmission bandwidth3.Single sided noise power density4.orthogonal signaling 5.FEC6.logic table7.systematic code8.AWGN 信道编码信道编码传输带宽传输带宽单边带噪声功率密度单边带噪声功率密度正交信号正交信号前向纠（前向纠（forwarderrorcorrection)逻辑表逻辑表系统码系统码加性高斯白噪声加性高斯白噪声(additive white Gaussian noise)Exercises9.BER10.trellis diagram 11.constraint length12.vector array 13.algebraic function 14.state diagram15.cyclic shift16.generator matrix误码率误码率,误比特率误比特率(Bit Error Ratio)网格图网格图 制约长度制约长度向量数组向量数组(矩阵矩阵)代数函数代数函数状态图状态图循环移位循环移位生成矩阵生成矩阵Exercises.Please translate the following words and phrases into English.1.检错码 2.信道容量 3.分组码 4.卷积码 5.移位寄存器 6.汉明距离 7.码重 8.树形图9.编码增益error detection codeschannel capacityblock codesconvolutional codesshift registerHamming distance