黄石理工学院外国语学院黄石理工学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 李金妹制作李金妹制作Language and literatureChapter 9Language and Literature语言学教程语言学教程（第三版）第三版）Linguistics黄石理工学院外国语学院黄石理工学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 李金妹制作李金妹制作Language and literature2黄石理工学院外国语学院黄石理工学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 李金妹制作李金妹制作Language and literature3Chapter 9 Language and LiteratureTeaching objectives:thelearnerswillbebetterabletoknowsomegeneralfeaturesofliterarylanguage,thelanguageinpoetry,fiction,anddrama.Teaching Focus:generalfeaturesofliterarylanguage,thelanguageinpoetry,fiction,anddramaTeaching Methods&Strategies:teacherpresentationandclassdiscussion黄石理工学院外国语学院黄石理工学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 李金妹制作李金妹制作Language and literature4Teaching Procedures1.StyleandStylistics2.Somegeneralfeaturesofliterarylanguage3.Thelanguageinpoetry4.Thelanguageinfiction5.Thelanguageindrama6.Task黄石理工学院外国语学院黄石理工学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 李金妹制作李金妹制作Language and literature51.StyleandStylisticsStyle:variationinthelanguageuseofanindividual,suchasformal/informalstyle.nLiterary style:waysofwritingemployedinliteratureandbyindividualwriters;thewaythemindoftheauthorexpressesitselfinwords.黄石理工学院外国语学院黄石理工学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 李金妹制作李金妹制作Language and literature6Stylistics“studiesthefeaturesofsituationallydistinctiveuses(varieties)oflanguage,andtriestoestablishprinciplescapableofaccountingfortheparticularchoicesmadebyindividualandsocialgroupsintheiruseoflanguage.”(Crystal1980)黄石理工学院外国语学院黄石理工学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 李金妹制作李金妹制作Language and literature71.Stylisticsisthestudyofvarietiesoflanguagewhosepropertiespositionthatlanguageincontext.Forexample,thelanguageofadvertising,politics,religion,individualauthors,etc.,orthelanguageofaperiodintime,allbelonginaparticularsituation.Inotherwords,theyallhaveplace.黄石理工学院外国语学院黄石理工学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 李金妹制作李金妹制作Language and literature82.Stylisticsalsoattemptstoestablishprinciplescapableofexplainingtheparticularchoicesmadebyindividualsandsocialgroupsintheiruseoflanguage,suchassocialisation,theproductionandreceptionofmeaning,criticaldiscourseanalysisandliterarycriticism.黄石理工学院外国语学院黄石理工学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 李金妹制作李金妹制作Language and literature93.Otherfeaturesofstylisticsincludetheuseofdialogue,includingregionalaccentsandpeoplesdialects,descriptivelanguage,theuseofgrammar,suchastheactivevoiceorpassivevoice,thedistributionofsentencelengths,theuseofparticularlanguageregisters,etc.黄石理工学院外国语学院黄石理工学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 李金妹制作李金妹制作Language and literature10Levels of analysisSoundeffectsVocabularyPhraseologyGrammarImplicature黄石理工学院外国语学院黄石理工学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 李金妹制作李金妹制作Language and literature11The1960dreamofhighriselivingsoonturnedintoanightmare.2.Some general features of literary language黄石理工学院外国语学院黄石理工学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 李金妹制作李金妹制作Language and literature12Fourstoreyshavenowindowslefttosmash Butinthefifthachippedsillbuttresses Motheranddaughterthelastmistresses Ofthatblackblockcondemnedtostand,notcrash.黄石理工学院外国语学院黄石理工学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 李金妹制作李金妹制作Language and literatureThered-hairedwoman,smiling,wavingtothedisappearingshore.Sheleftthemaharajah;sheleftinnumerableotherlightsopassingloveintownsandcitiesandtheatresandrailwaystationsallovertheworld.ButMelchiorshedidnotleave.那位红头发的女士，微笑着，向逐渐消失的海岸挥动着手臂。她离开了王公；离开了全世界城乡、都市、剧院和火车站的无以计数的短暂恋情。但是，她没有离开梅尔基奥尔。黄石理工学院外国语学院黄石理工学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 李金妹制作李金妹制作Language and literature142.1Whatisforegrounding?Inapurelylinguisticsense,thetermforegroundingisusedtorefertonewinformation,incontrasttoelementsinthesentencewhichformthebackgroundagainstwhichthenewelementsaretobeunderstoodbythelistener/reader.前景化、突出 黄石理工学院外国语学院黄石理工学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 李金妹制作李金妹制作Language and literature15Inthewidersenseofstylistics,textlinguistics,andliterarystudies,itisatranslationoftheCzechaktualisace(actualization),atermcommonwiththePragueStructuralists.Inthissenseithasbecomeaspatialmetaphor:thatofaforegroundandabackground,whichallowsthetermtoberelatedtoissuesinperceptionpsychology,suchasfigure/groundconstellations.黄石理工学院外国语学院黄石理工学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 李金妹制作李金妹制作Language and literature16TheEnglishtermforegroundinghascometomeanseveralthingsatonce:the(psycholinguistic)processesbywhich-duringthereadingact-somethingmaybegivenspecialprominence;specificdevices(asproducedbytheauthor)locatedinthetextitself.Itisalsoemployedtoindicatethespecificpoeticeffectonthereader;ananalyticcategoryinordertoevaluateliterarytexts,ortosituatethemhistorically,ortoexplaintheirimportanceandculturalsignificance,ortodifferentiateliteraturefromothervarietiesoflanguageuse,suchaseverydayconversationsorscientificreports.黄石理工学院外国语学院黄石理工学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 李金妹制作李金妹制作Language and literature17Thusthetermcoversawideareaofmeaning.Thismayhaveitsadvantages,butmayalsobeproblematic:whichoftheabovemeaningsisintendedmustoftenbededucedfromthecontextinwhichthetermisused.黄石理工学院外国语学院黄石理工学院外国语学院语言学教程语言学教程 李金妹制作李金妹制作Language and literature18Outsideliterature,languagetendstobeautomatized;itsstructuresandmeaningsareusedroutinely.Withinliterature,however,thisisopposedbydeviceswhichthwarttheautomatismwithwhichlanguageisread,processed,orunderstood.Generally,twosuchdevicesmaybedistinguished,deviation（偏离）andparallelism（广义的排比）.2