考研真题：广东财经大学 2021 年英语写作与翻译考试真题考研真题：广东财经大学 2021 年英语写作与翻译考试真题一、Writing（100 分）一、Writing（100 分）1、Summary Writing(1 题，共 40 分)1、Summary Writing(1 题，共 40 分)Directions:Directions:Read the following passage,and write a summary of about 300 words for it in your own words.Directly copying sentences from the passage will result in deduction of grades.Write down your summary on the Answer Sheet.Does Language Influence Culture？Does Language Influence Culture？Lera BoroditskyDo the languages we speak shape the way we think?Do they merely express thoughts,or do the structures of languages shape the very thoughts we wish to express?Take“Humpty Dumpty sat on a.”as an example.Even this snippet（片段）of a nursery rhyme reveals how much languages can differ from one another.In English,we have to mark the verb for tense;in this case,we say sat”rather than sit.In Indonesian you need not change the verb to mark tense.In Turkish,you would have to include in the verb how you acquired this information.For example,if you saw the chubby fellow on the wall with your own eyes,youd use one form of the verb,but if you had simply read or heard about it,youd use a different form.Do English,Indonesian and Turkish speakers end up attending to,understanding,and remembering their experiences differently simply because they speak different languages?These questions touch on all the major controversies in the study of mind,with important implications for politics,law and religion.Yet very little empirical work had been done on these questions until recently.The idea that language might shape thought was for a long time considered untestable at best and more often simply crazy and wrong.Now,a flurry of new cognitive science research is showing that in fact,language does profoundly influence how we see the world.The question of whether languages shape the way we think goes back centuries.Charlemagne proclaimed that“to have a second language is to have a second soul”.But the idea went out of favor with scientists when Noam Chomskys theories of language gained popularity in the 1960s and 1970s.Dr.Chomsky proposed that there is a universal grammar for all human languages essentially,that languages dont really differ from one another in significant ways.And because languages dont differ from one another,it makes no sense to ask whether linguistic differences lead to differences in thinking.The search for linguistic universals yielded interesting data on languages,but after decades of work,not a single proposed universal has withstood scrutiny.Instead,as linguists probed deeper into the worlds languages(7,000 or so,only a fraction of them analyzed),innumerable unpredictable differences emerged.Just because people talk differently doesnt necessarily mean they think differently.In the past decade cognitive scientists have begun to measure not just how people talk,but also how they think,asking whether our understanding of even such fundamental domains of experience as space,time and causality could be constructed by language.For example,in Pormpuraaw,a remote Aboriginal community in Australia,the indigenous languages dont use terms like“left”and“right”.Instead,everything is talked about in terms of absolute cardinal directions(north,south,east,and west),which means you say things like“Theres an ant on your southwest leg.”To say hello in Pormpuraaw,one asks,“Where are you going?”,and an appropriate response might be,“A long way to the south-southwest.How about you?”If you dont know which way is which,you literally cant get past hello.About a third of the worlds languages rely on absolute directions for space.As a result of this constant linguistic training,speakers of such languages are remarkably good at staying oriented and keeping track of where they are,even in unfamiliar landscapes.They perform navigational feats scientists once thought were beyond human capabilities.This is a big difference,a fundamentally different way of conceptualizing space,trained by language.Differences in how people think about space dont end there.People rely on their spatial knowledge to build many other more complex or abstract representations including time,number,musical pitch,kinship relations,morality and emotions.So if Pormpuraawans think differently about space,do they also think differently about other things,like time?To find out,my colleague Alice Gaby and I traveled to Australia and gave Pormpuraawans sets of pictures that showed temporal progressions(for example,pictures of a man at different ages,or a crocodile growing,or a banana being eaten).Their job was to arrange the shuffled photos on the ground to show the correct temporal order.We tested each person in two separate sittings,each time facing in a different cardinal direction.When asked to do this,English speakers arrange time from left to right.Hebrew speakers do it from right to left(because Hebrew is written from right to left).Pormpuraawans,we found,arranged time from east to west.That is,seated facing south