Unit 1 Never give in,never,never,neverLanguagework1/831.Since使用方法HowlongisitsinceyoulivedinShanghai?离开（没住在）上海多久了？ItishalfamonthsincehewasaLeaguemember.他退团（不妥团员）半个月了。ItsbeenquitesometimesinceIwaslastinLondon.我离开伦敦已很长时间了。比较：HehaswrittentomefrequentlysinceIwasill.自从我病愈以来，他一再给我写信。（从句谓语为状态动词）HehaswrittentomefrequentlysinceIfellill.自从我生病以来，他就一再给我写信。（从句谓语为终止性动词）2/83Since we have owned a car,we have gone camping every year.自从我们自己有了汽车，我们每年都去野营。试比较：1.Since Ive been at this school,we have had three headmasters.自从我到这所学校，我们已换了三个校长了。Since I was at this school,they have had three headmasters.自从我离开这所学校，他们已换了三个校长了。2.He has never been to see me since I have been ill.自从我生病以来，他从未来看过我。He has never been to see me since I was ill.自从我病愈以来，他从未来看过我。3/83由此可见，since引导从句连续动词普通过去时和现在完成时所表示意思恰好相反。换言之，前者以必定语法形式反应着否定逻辑内容，而后者形式与内容是一致。至于It is+一段时间+since句型与It has been+一段时间+since意思相同。前者是规范说法，后者是口语说法。应注意是，在这种结构中，since引导从句绝对不能用否定式谓语动词来表示否定意义，下面两句都错了：It is a long time since he didnt study English.Its two months since you didnt come to see me.正确说法为：Its a long time since he studied English 他很久没学英语了。You havent come to see me for two months.你有两个月没来看我了。4/83at your Head Masters kind invitationat:in response toDetailed reading1 at your Head Masters kind invitation 1e.g.A meeting was arranged at the ambassadors request.At my suggestion,Mrs.Carey wrote to her former employer.Collocations:at ones invitation/request/suggestion,etc.Detailed readingTranslation:应胡锦涛主席之邀，美国总统将对中国进行国事访问。应胡锦涛主席之邀，美国总统将对中国进行国事访问。At the invitation of President Hu Jintao,President of the United States will pay a state visit to China._5/83catastrophic:a.involving or causing sudden great damage or sufferingDetailed reading1 catastrophicSynonym:disastrousDetailed readingCollocations:catastrophic floods/losses/effects/resultsDerivation:catastrophe n.6/831.adj.Something that is catastrophic involves or causes a sudden terrible disaster.灾难性A tidal wave caused by the earthquake hit the coast causing catastrophic damage.地震引发海啸攻击了海岸，造成了灾难性损失。The water shortage in this country is potentially catastrophic.该国水资源匮乏很可能是灾难性。2.adj.If you describe something as catastrophic,you mean that it is very bad or unsuccessful.极糟;失败a catastrophic depression;catastrophic illness7/83Detailed reading1-ups and downsups and downs:a mixture of good things and bad things n.沉浮；盛衰；高低 e.g.Sitting beside the window,he recalled the ups and downs of his parenthood.Detailed readingTranslation:从从1999年建立以来，企业历经盛衰浮沉。年建立以来，企业历经盛衰浮沉。The organization has experienced its ups and downs since it was founded in 1999._8/83Detailed reading1-positionposition:situation at a particular time Synonym:situationDetailed readinge.g.It is time those companies revealed more about their financial position.Their soccer team is going to be in a very difficult position if nothing particular shows up.9/831.N-COUNT The position of someone or something is the place where they are in relation to other things.位置The ship was identified,and its name and position were reported to the Coast Guard.该轮船身份已得到确认，其名称和位置已汇报给了海岸警卫队。2.N-COUNT When someone or something is in a particular position,they are sitting,lying,or arranged in that way.姿势It is crucial that the upper back and neck are held in an erect position to give support for the head.主要是：上背和颈部要挺直以支撑头部，这一点很主要。Mr.Dambar had raised himself to a sitting position.丹巴先生已坐了起来。10/833.V-T If you position something somewhere,you put it there carefully,so that it is in the right place or position.小心放置Position the cursor where you want the new margins to begin.将光标放在你所要新页边空白开端。4.N-COUNT Your position in society is the role and the importance that you have in it.(社会)地位Adjustment to their changing role and position in society can be painful for some old people.对有些老年人适应他们在社会中不停改变角色和地位可能是痛苦。5.N-COUNTA position in a company or organization is a job.职位 正式 He left a career in teaching to take up a position with the NEH.他放弃了教职，方便在国家人文基金会任职。11/836.N-COUNT Your position in a race or competition is how well you did in relation to the other competitors or how well you are doing.(比赛、竞赛中)名次By the ninth hour the car was running in eighth position.比赛进行到第9个小时时候该赛车跑在第8位。7.N-COUNT You can describe your situation at a particular time by saying that you are in a particular position.处境;情况Hes going to be in a very difficult position if things go badly for him.他处境将非常困难，假如情况变糟话。Companies should be made to reveal more about their financial position.应该要求各企业披露更多财务情况资料。12/838.N-COUNT Your position on a particular matter is your attitude toward it or your opinion of it.态度;看法正式He could be depended on to take a moderate position on most of the key issues.能够相信，他会在大多数关键问题上持温和态度。9.N-SING If you are in a position to do something,you are able to do it.If you are in no position to do something,you are unable to do it.(做某事)适当位置I am not in a position to comment.我不便发表评论。10.PHRASE If someone or something is in position,they are in their correct or usual place or arrangement.在适当位置上28,000 U.S.troops are moving into position.2.8万名美国士兵即将到位。13/83desperately:adv.绝望地，希