. . 大学2016年博士研究生英语入学考试试题考生请注意：1.本试题共5大题，共11页，请考生注意检杏.考试时间为180分钟2.1-70题答案请填写在机读卡相应处，否则不给分。3.翻译和作文题答在答题纸上，答在试题上不给分。书写要求字迹消楚、工整。I.Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each)Directions: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C, or D. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneWhen a person begins a mediated or immediate encounter, he already stands in some kind of social relationship to the others concerned, and expects to stand in a given relationship to them after the particular encounter ends. This, of course, is one of the ways in which social contacts are geared into the wider society. Much of the activity occurring during an encounter can be understood as an effort on everyones part to get through the occasion and all the unanticipated and unintentional events that can cast participants in an undesirable light, without disrupting the relationships of the participants. And if relationships are in the process of change，the object will be to bring the encounter to a satisfactory close without altering the expected course of development. The perspective nicely accounts, for example, for the little ceremonies of greeting and farewell which occur when people begin a conversational encounter or depart from one. Greetings provide a way of showing that a relationship is still what it was at the termination of the previous co-participation, and, typically, that this relationship involves sufficient suppression of hostility for the participants temporarily to drop their guards and talk. Farewells sum up the effect of the encounter upon the relationship and show what the participants may expect of one another when they next meet. The enthusiasm of greetings compensates for the weakening of the relationship caused by the absence just terminated, while the enthusiasm of farewells compensates the relationship for the harm that is about to be done to it by separation.It seems to be a characteristic obligation of many social relationships that each of the members guarantees to support a given face for the other members in given situations. To prevent disruption of these relationships, it is therefore necessarily for each member to avoid destroying the others face. At the same time, it is often the persons social relationship with others that leads him to participate in certain encounters with them, where incidentally he will be dependent upon them for supporting his face. Furthermore, in many relationships, the members come to share a face, so that in the presence of third parties an improper act on the part of one member becomes a source of acute embarrassment to the other members. A social relationship, then, can be seen as a way in which the person is more than ordinarily forced to trust his self-image and face to the tact and good conduct of others.1 .The last word of the first sentence, namely “ends is most likely B .Aa noun, meaning “purposes” or “objectives”Ba verb, meaning “comes to a finish” Ca postpositional adjective, meaning “finishing”Dan adjective, meaning “purposeful”2.According to the author, if any unexpected difficulties occur in a social contact, B .Athe relationships between the participants break upBthose who participate will be in an unintentional eventCall participants would try to maintain their relationships |D the participants will certainly get through an activity3.Which of the following is NOT an idea of the author? CAThe participants hope their relationship would be the same as they met last.BGreetings are just as important as farewells in a social encounter.CBefore every greeting there is always sufficient hostility to suppress.DIf their relationship changes, the participants want it to change as they hoped.4.The last sentence of the second paragraph means that. A Aones self-image is dependent on how others behaveBface and self-image are two different kinds of relationshipsCsocial relationship is something that is forced on all participantsDto get along well with others is a process of giving each other face5.The best title for this passage may well be. A AFace and Social RelationshipBHow to Conduct SociallyCGreetings and Farewells DConversational SociologyPassage Two（Tips:出现人名字的地方用笔圈出来，数字用笔圈出来）The poet William Blake wrote in the early nineteenth century: “Great things are done when men and mountains meet.” Great things indeed were done on Mount Everest in May of 1996. Also poignant things, foolish things, deadly things： Hundreds of climbers from eleven different expeditions were on the mountain - thirty-one near the summit - when a freakish and fierce-some storm blew in. Eight climbers perished, the highest one-day death toll since the first expedition tried to reach the top of the worlds tallest