名 词1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类：1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。如：Beijing, Tom, the Peoples Republic of China(中华人民共和国)专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如：the Great Wall(长城)姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。2、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如：pupil, family, man, foot.普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如： box, child, orange；不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如：water, news, oil, population, information .2、英语可数名词的单复数：英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下：在单数名词词尾加s。如：map maps,boy boys,horse horses, table tables.s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如：classclasses, boxboxes, heroheroes, dishdishes, benchbenches.注：少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如：photophotos, pianopianos.以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如：familyfamilies, citycities, partyparties.以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如：shelfshelves, wolfwolves, lifelives2、不规则变化：manmen, womanwomen, sheepsheep,toothteeth, fishfish, childchildren, oxoxen, goosegeese不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如：a bag of ricetwo bags of rice, a piece of paperthree pieces of paper, a bottle of milkfive bottles of milk.3、名词所有格：1、名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加s。如：Childerns Day(儿童节), my sisters book(我姐姐的书)(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加。如：Teachers Day(教师节)(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加s. 如：todays newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes break(十分钟的课间休息),Chinas population(中国的人口).(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).2、注解： s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如：my aunts(我阿姨家), the doctors(诊所) 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and Bs 的形式,如：Lucy and Lilys bedroom “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如：a friend of my fathers, a friend of mine4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即：主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式： The computer was a great invention. The water in the glass is very cold.2、集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school, audience等)做句子主语时,如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如：Class Three is a very good class.如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如：Class Three have a map of China.3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如：There is a sheep in the yard. / There are some sheep in the yard4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数：The news is very exciting.5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如：The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如：A lot of students are playing baseball now. A lot of time was wasted on that work. (被动句)7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如：The teacher and his son are picking apples now./ Fish and chips is very famous food. 8、 there be 句型中be的单复数由靠近的名词决定。如：There is a table and four chairs in the room.9、用bothand连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如：Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如：A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road.11、eitheror或者 neithernor连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如：Either you or he is right. / Neither you nor I am going there.12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如：Two months is not a short time. Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离). 13、主语中含有half of / (three quarters)of / all (of) the .等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如：Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English / A third of the students were playing near the lake. 但是,population一词又有特殊情况： Whats the population of China? / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人). (句子用复数)