锂离子电池容量衰减机理和副反应-翻译（个人翻译的外文文Capacity Fade Mechanisms and Side Reactions inLithium-Ion Batteries锂离子电池容量衰减机机理和副反应Pankaj Arorat and Ralph E. White*作者：Pankaj Arorat and Ralph E. White*Center For Electrochemical Engineering, Department of ChemicalEngineering, University of South Carolina,Columbia, South Carolina 29208,USA美国，南卡罗来纳，年哥伦比亚 29208，南卡罗来纳大学，化学工程系，中心电化学工程ABSTRACT 摘要The capacity of a lithium-ion battery decreases 锂离子电池容量随 着循环 during cycling. This capacity loss or fade occurs due to 衰减。容量损 失或者衰减的发 several different mechanisms which are due to or are 生主 要是由于以下几种反应机 associated with unwan ted side reacti ons that occur in these 理，这些机理起因于或者关联 batteries. These reactions occur during overcharge or 于一些我们不希望发生在电池 overdischarge and cause electrolyte decomposition, passive 里的副反应。这些反应发生在 film formation, active material dissolution, and other 过充或者过放中，导致了电 解 phenomena. These capacity loss mechanisms are not 液分解、钝化膜的形 成、活性 included in the present lithium-ion battery mathematical 物质溶解 和其他现象形成。这 models available in the open literature. Consequently, these 些容量损失机理并没有包含在 models cannot be used to predict cell performance during 目前我们可接触到的公开的锂 cycling and under abuse conditions. This article presents a 离子电池数学模型中。因此，review of the current literature on capacity fade 这些模型并不能用在预测电池 mechanisms and attempts to describe the information 循环或者滥用条件下 的电化学 needed and the directions that may be taken to include these 行为。 这篇文章提出了当前锂 mechanisms in advanced lithium-ion battery models.Introduction 离子电池容量衰减机理的观点，并且试图描述我们需要 的信息和方向，这些信息和方向有可能被引入先进的锂离子电池模型的机 理中。 前言The typical lithium-ion cell (Fig. 1) is made up of a 典型的锂离子电池主 要由 coke or graphite negative electrode, an electrolyte which 以下三大部分 组成： 碳(石墨)serves as an ionic path between electrodes and separates the 负极；电解液，主要提供锂离 two materials, and a metal oxide (such as LiCoO2, 子传送通道并且分隔开两种材 LiMn2O4, or LiNiO2) positive electrode. This secondary 料；过渡金属氧化物正极材料(rechargeable) lithium-ion cell has been commercialized (例如 LiCoO2、LiMn2O4 或 only recently.Batteries based on this concept have reached 者 LiNiO2)。这种二次 电池最 the consumer market, and lithium-ion electric vehicle batteries are under study in industry.The lithium-ion battery market has been in a period of tremendous growth ever since Sony introduced the first commercial cell in 1990.With energy density exceeding 130 Wh/kg (e.g., Matsushita CGR 17500) and cycle life of more than 1000 cycles (e.g., Sony 18650) in many cases, the lithium-ion battery system has become increasingly popular in applicationssuch as cellular phones, portable computers, and camcorders.As more lithium-ion battery manufacturers enter the market and new materials are developed,cost reduction should spur growth in new applications. Several manufacturers such as Sony Corporation, Sanyo Electric Company, Matsushita Electric Industrial Company, Moli Energy Limited, and A&T Battery Corporation have started manufacturing lithium-ion batteries for cellular phones and laptop computers. Yoda1 has considered this advancement and described a future battery society in which the lithium-ion battery plays a dominant role.Several mathematical models of these lithium-ion 近已经商业化。这种 理念下的电池已经进入消费市场。在工业上，交通工具使用的动力电池已 经在研究。自从 1990 年，索尼首次引进商业化电池，锂离子电池市场在 一段时期内取得了巨大增长。在许多条件下，锂离子电池的体积能量密度 超过130Wh/kg，循环次数超过1000次，锂离子电池体系在手机、笔记本 电脑、便携式摄像机的使用越来越普遍。随着越来越多的电池制造商进入 市场，新材料得到发展、成本降低加速了电池的新应用。一部分制造商例 如索尼、三洋、松下、Moli能源、A&T电池公司已经开始制作锂离子 电池用于移动电话和掌上电脑oYoda已经考虑到这些进步并且描述了一个 未来的电池社会，在这个社会里锂离子电池扮演非常重要的角色。 已经有一部分锂离子电池的数学模型被出版。不幸的是，cells have been published. Unfortunately, none of these 他们的模型里 所描述锂离子电 models include capacity fade processes explicitly in their 池 的行为中，没有一种模型明 mathematical description of battery behavior. The objective 确的描述容量衰减过程。他们 of the pres ent work is to review the current understanding 的主要目的是回顾现有容量衰 of the mechanisms of capacity fade in lithium-ion batteries.减机理模型的相关理解认识。Advances in modeling lithium-ion cells must result from 要建立新模型，必须 建立在对 improvements in the fundamental understanding of these 上述这 些基础过程的充分理解 processes and the collecti on of releva nt experime ntal data.Some of the processes that are known to lead to capacity fade in lithium-ion cells are lithium deposition (overcharge conditions), electrolyte decomposition, active material dissolution, phase changes in the insertion electrode materials, and passive film formation over the electrode and current collector surfaces. Quantifying these degradation processes will improve the predictive capability of battery models ultimately leading to less expensive and higher quality batteries. Significant improvements are required in performance standards such as energy density and cycle life, while maintaining highenvironmental, safety, and cost standards. Such progress will require considerable advances in our understanding of electrode and electrolyte materials, and the fundamental physical and chemical processes that lead to capacity loss and resistance increase in commercial lithium-ion batteries. The