嘉兴学院 本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译题目：君山二期工程施工组织设计 一、外文原文：1. Design project management1.1 Choosing the planning practiceChoosing a suitable planning practice is extremely important. Introducing a pre-qualification process provides essential insights about efficiency, specialist knowledge and quality: three to five applicants receive preliminary design documents and the building programme. Then interviews are held, reference evidence examined and the practices visited on the spot. But the key features are planning quality, knowledge of materials, degree of detail, and CAD and office equipment. The ability to coordinate building and technical planning is particularly relevant.1.2 Design and authorization planningCoordination and control of the planning process and content are particularly important in this planning phase. In no circumstances should planning in China be left to the design institute alone. Regular planning and coordination meetings examine the planning process in its entirety to ensure that guidelines and standards are being met. It is important to coordinate routing and to check for collision points.1.3 Working plansRegular coordination, control and support are also required at the final planning stage. Coordinating building and technical workers within the planning team is often a weak point as well. Important details and technical specifications have to be demanded. It is not usual in China to present details on a scale of 1:20 to 1:5, and these planning features have to be insisted on; a great deal of convincing argument will be needed.1.4 Invitation to tender and tender awardsTender documents drawn up to Chinese standards are less detailed than comparable Western tender documents. Considerable importance should be attached to detailed working drawings. Drawings should be ranked before tender documents. It is not permissible to insist on specific product makes. Materials must be described neutrally in terms of product. This means that the building firm is able to use inferior materials without the clients agreement. This often results in buildings with serious deficiencies in quality and execution. To avoid these negative consequences, architects try to go beyond the standard guidelines to prevent the use of inferior quality materials. Also, Chinese planning and industrial standards are antiquated and do not yet meet national or international standards.As a rule, five to ten firms (general contractors or firms offering individual services) are invited to tender. Often foreign firms with branches in China are invited as well. Bids from such firms come out well above those of their Chinese competitors.After the bids have been evaluated, negotiations are conducted with the most reasonable bidders. Awards are decided on the basis of reference projects, quality of execution and evaluations of special proposals. Because the subsoil is so poor, the use of deep foundations on alluvial land is widespread. To gain time, the underground engineering work can be put out to earlier tender and award to specialist building firms.1.5 Building and completion phaseThe legislation requires using local site supervision and a quantity surveyor (see Chapter B 2.2). Site supervision requirements are not the same as the standard German site supervision requirements laid down in HOAI, Phase 8. Chinese site supervision practices offer the following service pattern under the headings quality monitoring and safety management:- examining the working plans- quality control for building materials- quality control for building plant and equipment- building site safety- checking current building progress- examining the qualifications of the building site personnel- demanding and examining inventory documentsOnly building sites that also convey an impression of an orderly approach can produce quality and work effectively. This includes cleanliness and safety. Chinese building sites need pioneering work in this field. It does not make any sense to compel the contractor to adopt a particular working programme that runs counter to his own ideas. It is in fact advisable to make concessions in order to make best use of the available production and fitting methods. Quality control starts even in the planning phase. In the actual building phase, care should be taken to ensure that the required materials are really used, and that product-specific fitting requirements are met.The contractor can make alternative proposals to the tender standards. These are examined and approved on the basis of specimens and references. It has turned out to be worthwhile to build specimen rooms before the actual building phase starts, to test the guidelines for details and materials and introduce improvements to materials and details in good time. It is essential to check and approve the quality of finish in the form of mock-ups before production begins for facades, roof areas and other critical