初涉传播学(MASS COMMUNICATION)以下是传播学入门的一些必备知识和重要的传播学名词概念的英文释义对刚刚接触到这个专业的人应该有用,尤其是像我一般跨专业考研的人.今后我们上课的一些有用的,导师允许公开的课间争取能传上来,还有一些专业中出现的问题,在我的圈子里所接触到的比拟好的传播学书籍今后逐步补充希望对喜欢传播学的xdjm有所帮助Approximately five hundred years ago a new form of communication arose. This mass communication process, which makes use of permanent text that can be made available to millions of people at the same time, has quickly become an important factor in the lives of many human beings. By removing words from the world of sound where they had first had their origin in active human interchange and relegating them definitively to visual surface, and by otherwise exploiting visual space for the management of knowledge, print encouraged human beings to think of their own interior conscious and unconscious resources as more and more thing-like, impersonal and religiously neutral. Print encouraged the mind to sense that its possessions were held in some sort of inert mental space. - Walter J. Ong For much of human history speech and body language were the only available forms of communication. This changed when writing was developed, probably around the year 3000 BC in the area of the world that we now call the Middle East. The most obvious difference between writing and speech is in their media. Whereas speech is carried by sound waves in the air, writing is usually carried by one substance impressed upon another, as, for example, ink on paper. Note:Ink-On-PaperCurrently, the most widely used medium for written communication is ink-on-paper. Although this will be used in the tutorial examples, the reader should remember that writing may use other media, including such as chalk-on-slate, carving-in-stone, smoke-in-air, pixels-on-screen, crayon-on-wall, paint-on-sidewalk and many others. Even in its simplest form, the invention of writing produced significant changes in human communication. The next major change came with the discovery of printed text in Europe in the late 1500s. Whereas written documents could only be produced by individuals, one document at a time, printed documents could be mass produced. The phenominon that we now call mass communication dates from the invention of print. Some scholars argue that the next great change occurred in or around 1950 with the discovery of the computer. However, while digital data processing certainly has brought changes to our society, we are perhaps too close to the date of its birth to evaluate it clearly.TEXTThe fact that writing remains in existence long after it has been created is so remarkable that we give a special name, text, to the visible remains. Humans receive textual messages via their eyes. It has been argued that this visual aspect of text is important in and of itself because it shapes the way human beings pay attention to their environment, and this shapes the way that they think about themselves. Text-using societies tend to be visually oriented, whereas speech-using societies tend to be aurally oriented. Thus, when scholars initiated the study of text, they discovered that communication not only helps shape individual relationships, but it also plays a role in defining the social environment. Those who study communication disagree as to the exact definition of the term, text. In its broadest sense text is that which is perceived by the reader, however, this conceivably could be any data that is taken in by the eye, and to many this seems to be too broad a concept. This section of the tutorial will limit the discussion to the narrower definition of text as print, by which is meant marks made in one substance upon another.TEXT AND MEANINGAs was shown earlier, the Shannon/Weaver Model describes communication as a process that includes a transmitter who initiates the communication, a signal that moves through a medium, a receiver who notices the signal, and noise that may alter the signal. In terms of this model, text can be seen as being created by the writer and then movingthrough time and space until it is encountered by the reader. The medium is light waves, and the signal is formed as light bounces off of the paper and ink and into the readers eyes. While the text is in transit, noise may act to make it less understandable - the writing may fade, for example, or pages may be torn or missing. This is accurate as far as it goes, but it does little to demonstrate how text relates to meaning. However, it is possible to produce a somewhat different model that is more amenable to the discussion of meaning. In this model the reader, the writerand the text exist in the world, which is their environment and with which they interact. The reader and the writer interact directly with the text, and indirectly with one another by means of the text, which itself becomes a medium of communication. Thus, reader, writer and text are seen as an interconnected system. One way to interpret this model is t