Un it 1 How do you study for a test 知识要点总结现在完成时态 由 have/ has + 过去分词表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果常与 already, just , yet , ever, never 连用Have you finished your work yet ?你完成了你的工作了吗？ Yes, I have. I have just fin ished it. 是的。我刚刚完成了。 I have already fini shed it . 我已经完成了。Have you ever been to Chi na? 你曾经去过中国吗？ No, I have never been there. 没有，我从来也没有去过。表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态和表示过去某 一时刻延续到现在（包括现在在内）的一段时间的状态连用 如如：（for + 时间段，since +时间点，或过去某一动作，以 及 how long ）注：非延续性动词在现在完成时态中不能禾口for, si nee引导的表示一段时间的状语的肯定句连用。应转为相应的延续性动词如口：buy havedie- be deadjoin - be inborrow keepleave be awaylhave bought a pen.I have had a pen for 2 weeks.The dog has died.The dog has bee n deads ince last week.have （has） been to + 地点去过某地已经回来 have （has） gone to +地点去了某地没有回来 have been in +地点一直呆在某地没有离开过如口:She has been toShanghai.她去过上海。（已经回来）She has gone to Shanghai.她去了上海。（没有回来）She has been inSha nghai for 2 days.她呆上海两天了。（没有离开过上海）练习： Have you everwith a group?A: studyB: study ingC: studiedhow to swim 怎样游泳不定式与疑问词连用：动词不定式可以和 what, which, how, where, when等引导的疑问句连用，构成不定式短语。如：The question is when to start.问题是什么时候开始。I don know where to go.我不知道去哪。系动词不能独立作谓语，要和表语一起构成谓语。常用的连系动词有：look, feel, be, become, get, turn, smell,taste, stay（保持），kept等。连系动词除be 和 become等少数词可接 名词 作表语外，一般都是接形容词。如:They are very happy. He became a doctortwo years ago.She felt very tired.by + doing 通过方式 女口： by studying with a group练习： You can study the grammarmemoriz ing it.A. with B. by C. on D. atby还可以表示：“在旁”、“靠近”、“在期间”、“用、”“经过”、“乘车”等如: I live by the river.I have to go back by ten o clock.The thief en tered the room by the win dow.The stude nt went to park by bus.2. (talk about 谈论，议论，讨论女口： The students often talk about movie after class.学生们常常在课后讨论电影。talk to sb. = talk with sb. 与某人说话L3. a lot许多常用于句末女口： I eat a lot.我吃了许多。a lot of许多 =lots of许多 常与名词连用4. 提建议的句子：f What/ how about +doing sth.?女口： What/ How about going shopping? Why don you + do sth.?如: Why don you go shopping? Why not + do sth. ?女口： Why not go shopping? Lets + do sth.女口： Lets go shopp ing Shall we/ I + do_sth.?如：Shall we/ I go shopping?5. tooto太 而不能常用的句型 too+adj./adv. + to do sth.女口： Im too tired to sayanything.我太累了，什么都不想说。6. aloud, loud 与 loudly 的用法三个词都与”大声或响亮有关。aloud是副词，重点在出声能让人听见，但声音不一定很大，常用在读书或说话上。通常放在动词之后。aloud没有比较级形式。女口 :He read the story aloud to his son.他朗读那篇故事给他儿子听。loud可作形容词或副词 。用作副词时,常与speak, talk,laugh等动词连用，多用于比较级，须放在动词之后。如：She told us to speak a little louder.她让我们说大声一点。loudly是副词，与loud同义,有时两者可替换使用，但往往含有令人讨厌或打扰别人的意思，可位于动词之前或之后。女口：He does not talk loudly or laugh loudly in public.他不当众大声谈笑。7. notat all 一点也不根本不 女口：I like milk very much. Ido 匸 like coffee at all.我非常喜欢牛奶。我一点也不喜欢咖啡。not经常可以和助动词结合在一起，at all则放在句尾 8. 巒 / get excited about sth.= be / get excited about doing sth.=L be excited to do sth.对 感兴奋 女口：I am / get excited about going to Beiji ng.=I am excited to go to Beijing.我对去北京感到兴奋。9.end up doing sth终止做某事，结束做某事女口:* The party ended up singing.晚会以唱歌而结束。end up with sth.以结束 女口:The party ended up with her singing.晚会以她的歌唱而告终。10. first of all 首先.to begin with 一开始later on后来、随11. also也、而且（用于肯定句）常在句子的中间either也（用于 否定句）常在 句末too也 （用于 肯定句）常在 句末广I am also a student.我也是一个学生I am a student too.我也是一个学生。 I am not a stude nt either.我也不是一个学生。12. make mistakes 犯错如：I often make mistakes.我经常 犯错。make a mistake 犯一个错误如：I have made a mistake.我已经犯了一个错误。13. laugh at sb.笑话；取笑（某人）如： Don laugh at me!不要取笑我14. take notes做笔记，做记录15. enioy doing sth .喜欢做乐意做如：She enjoys playingfootball.她喜欢踢足球。 enioy oneself过得愉快女口： He enjoyed himself.他过得愉快。16. n ative speaker说本族语的人17. make up组成、构成18. one of +（the+形容词最高级）+名词复数形式 其中之一 女口： She is one of the most popular teachers.她是最受欢迎的教师之一。19. It +形容词+(for sb. ) to do sth.(对于某人来说)做某事 如：It difficult (for me ) to study English.对于我来说学习英语太难了。句中的it是形式主语，真正的主语是to study English20. practice doing 练习做某事 女口：She often practice speaking English.她经常练习说英语。21. decide to do sth.决定做某事 女口：LiLei has decided to go to BeiJing .李雷已经决定去北京。22. unless假如不，除非引导条件状语从句如：You will fail unless you work hard.假如你不努力你会失败。I won write uni ess he writes first.除非他先写要不我不写23. deal with 处理如：I dealt with a lot of problem.24. worry about sb./ sth.担心某人 / 某事如: Mother worried about her son just now.妈妈刚才担心她的儿子。25. be angry with sb.对某人生气 女口：I was angry with her.我对她生气。26. perhaps = maybe 也许27. go by (时间)过去如：Two years went by.两年过去了。28. see sb. / sth. doing看见某人正在做某事强调正在发生see sb. / sth. do看见某人在做某事 如: 女口： She saw him drawing a picture in the classroom.她看见他正在教室里画画。29. each other 彼此30. regardas把 看作为 .如：The boys regarded Anna as a fool.这些男孩把安娜看成傻瓜。31. too many 太多 修饰可数名词女口： too many girlstoo much 太多 修饰不可数名词 如:too much milk much too 太修饰形容词 女口： much too beautiful32. changeinto 将变为女口： The magician changed the pen into a book.这个魔术师将这支笔变为一本书。