2022年考博英语-宁波大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunitiesas well as new and significant risks. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies. Now Congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1.1 billion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980s is estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade. Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses. The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small companys efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, White and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But civil rights groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as “fronts” with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becomingand remainingdependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases: when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success.31. The primary purpose of the passage is to _.32. According to the passage, civil rights activists maintain that one disadvantage under which minority-owned businesses have traditionally had to labor is that they have _.33. The passage suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might cause it to _.34. It can be inferred from the passage that, compared with the requirements of law, the percentage goals set by “some federal and local agencies” (in Paragraph 1) are _.35. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the authors assertion that, in the 1970s, corporate response to federal requirements (in Paragraph 2) was substantial?问题1选项A.present a commonplace idea and its inaccuraciesB.describe a situation and its potential drawbacksC.propose a temporary solution to a problemD.explore the implications of a finding问题2选项A.been especially vulnerable to governmental mismanagement of the economyB.been denied bank loans at rates comparable to those afforded larger competitorsC.not had sufficient opportunity to secure business created by large corporationsD.not had adequate representation in the centers of government power问题3选项A.experience frustration but not serious financial harmB.face potentially crippling fixed expensesC.have to record its efforts on forms filed with the governmentD.increase its spending with minority subcontractors问题4选项A.more popular with large corporationsB.more specificC.less controversialD.easier to comply with问题5选项A.Between 1970 and 1972, corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses declined by 25 percent.B.The figures collected in 1977 underrepresented the extent of corporate contracts with minority-owned businesses.C.