Part The Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学IThe Background Information1. 第一批美国永久居民：The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿) in 1607. At last early in the 17th century, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞) began the main stream of what we recognize as the American history.2. 清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记 b、journals 游记3. 清教徒在美国的写作内容：1）their voyage to the new land ；2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops；3) About dealing with Indians；4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit4. 美国第一位作家（The first American writer） Captain John Smith. He published eight in all.1).16A True Relation of Virginia有关弗吉尼亚的真实简介. 2) A Map of Virginia弗吉尼亚地图3). General History of Virginia弗吉尼亚通史她的作品(reports of exploration)17th初期出版，被觉得是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.她的作品filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前去lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans. He saw from the beginning what was eventually to be a basic principle of American history, the need of “workers” instead of “gentlemen” for the tough job of planting colonies and pushing the frontiers westward. 5美国清教主义（American Puritanism）: Puritans purified their religious beliefs and practices, and believed that God decides everything and they are Gods chosen people. Hard work, thrift (节俭;节省), piety (虔诚；虔敬), and sobriety (节制；严肃) were the Puritan spirit that dominated much of the earliest American writing(including the sermons, books, and letters of such noted Puritan clergyman as John Cotton and Cotton Mather).Cotton Mather: wrote more than 450 works, an example as well as an advocate of the Puritan ideal of hard work.6. A literature of ideas: New England had from the beginning a literature of ideas: theological, moral, historical, and political. 7The Pilgrim Fathers: English Puritans who went to America in 1620 and founded the colony of Plymouth, Massachusetts.8Puritan：The “Puritan” was “a would-be purifier”. Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices. Their purposes are for religious freedom and political freedom. The major intellectual spokesmen of Puritanism are John Cotton, Roger Williams.II. Literature1.William Bradford(威廉布拉德福德)：The first governor of Plymouth(普利茅斯第一任首长)，History of Plymouth Plantation普利茅斯种植园史He was perhaps the greatest of the Pilgrim Fathers（“美国历史之父”）2. John Winthrop(约翰温斯罗普)：波斯顿第一任首长The History of New England英格兰历史3.John Cotton(约翰科顿)：The Patriarch of New England（“新英格兰教父”）4.Roger Williams（罗杰威廉斯）：1).He begins the history of religious toleration and the separation of church and state.2). He is interested in the Indian language. eg: A Key into the Language of America启动美国语言的钥匙5.Anne Bradstreet(安妮布莱德斯):The first woman poet in the English language. one of the most interesting of the early poets（最风趣的诗人之一）“The tenth muse lately sprung up in American”近来出目前北美的第十位缪斯6.Edward Taylor（爱德华泰勒）：The best of the Puritan poets（清教徒诗人最杰出的一位） The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of realpoetry.Conclusion: The early American literature was European/English in style/form, but American in content/spirit. Part The Literature of Reason And Revolution理性和革命时期文学I. The Background Information1. The American War for Independence （1775-1783）:Strict rules made by English government hampered the economic development of the colonies. The British wanted the colonies to remain politically and economically dependent on the mother country2. Enlightenment：1).an intellectual movement 2)the power of human reason 3)the scientific idea;4)the idea of progress. 3. Enlightenment and American Revolution: 1). all the leaders of the revolution were influenced by the Enlightenment, representatives: Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine, Thomas Jefferson, etc. 2). The new nation was set on the basic ideas and principles of the Enlightenment.4Deism (自然神论, 自然神教派) is a religious philosophy and movement that derives the existence and nature of God from reason and personal experience.5. The important literature topics of the revolutionary period: 1).theology, 2).politics 3).enlightenmentII. LiteratureRepresentative works: Noah Webster诺亚韦伯斯特:第一部美国英语字典 Thomas Jefferson: Declaration of Independence; Thomas Paine: The American Crisis; Rights of Man; The Federalist; Benjamin Franklin: Poor Richards Almanac; The Autobiography 18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传1.Benjamin Franklin本杰明富兰克林The first major writer in the colonial period, the only good American author before the Revolutionary War；one of the Founding Fathers of the United States; a paradoxical combination of Puritanism and Enlightenment; an embodiment of the “American Dream” Representative works: (1) Poor Richards Almanac穷人查理德的年鉴an annual collocation of proverbs (It contains a large number of prac