PuritanismFeatures of Puritanism1. Purification of the church2. Calvinism (John Calvin, 1509-1564, French protestant reformer)(1) . Emphasis of Predestination “预定论”(2) . Total depravity (Original Sin) 彻底的堕落 (因原罪而起)(3) . Limited atonement 有限的赎罪Anne Bradstreet (1612 1672)First famous poet in North America, known as the “Tenth Muse” 最早写出真正有价值的英文诗歌的女诗人Major works:the first collection of poems in North America.The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America (1650) 最近在美洲出现的第十位缪斯Contemplations沉思录Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790 )Statesman, essayist, orator, philosopher, ambassador, scientist, inventor, publisher“master of each and mastered by none”Herman MelvilleOne of the Founding Fathers of AmericaSymbol of America in the Age of EnlightenmentThe only American to sign the four documents that created the United States: the Declaration of Independence the treaty of alliance with France the treaty of peace with England the constitutionThe symbol of American Dream, a self-made manHis Major WorksPoor Richards Almanac (1732) 格言历书poems and essays a good many adages and common sense witticismsAutobiography (1868) the simple yet immensely fascinating record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty and obscuritythe faithful account of the colorful career of Americans first self-made man. a Puritan document (self-examination and self-improvement; illustration of Puritan ethics ) a story of the fulfillment of American dream.Thirteen virtues from The Autobiography1. Temperance 节制. Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation.2. Silence 沉默. Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself; avoid trifling conversation.3. Order 秩序. Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time.如果您需要使用本文档，请点击下载按钮下载!4. Resolution 决心. Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve.5. Frugality 节俭. Make no expense but to do good to others or yourself, i.e., waste nothing.6. Industry 勤奋. Lose no time; be always employed in something useful; cut off all unnecessary actions.7. Sincerity 诚实. Use no harmful deceit; think innocently and justly, and, if you speak, speak accordingly.8. Justice 公正. Wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your duty.9. Moderation 适度. Avoid extremes; forbear resenting injuries so much as you think they deserve.10. Cleanliness 清洁. Tolerate no uncleanlinessin body, clothes, or habitation.11. Tranquility 宁静. Be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common or unavoidable.12. Chastity 贞洁. Rarely use venery but for health or offspring, never to dullness, weakness, or the injury of our own or anothers peace or reputation.13. Humility 谦虚. Imitate Jesus and Socrates.The Style of Puritan Writing1. Protestant - against ornateness; reverence for the Bible. The Puritans chose the Bible as the guidebook to their Promised Land.2. Puritan writing reflected the character and scope of the reading public, which was literate and well-grounded in religion.American RomanticismTime Range:From the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil War.Historical Background:National independence, democracyRising materialism and business: leisure and wealthReligious dogma, rationalismFeatures:American Romanticism was both imitative and independent.Imitative: English and European Romanticists, about home, family, nature, children and idealized love, etc.Independent: Emerson and Whitman, on major problems of American life, like the westward expansion and democracy and equality, etc.1. Romantic Subject Matter(1) . The quest for beauty: non-didactic, pure beauty. (Allan Poe)(2) . The use of the far-away and non-normal - antique and fanciful (Hawthorn, Poe)(3) . Escapism - from American problems (Irving).(4) . Interest in external nature - for itself, for beauty(Emerson, Thoreau)2. Romantic Attitudes :(1) . Appeals to imagination:remoteness of settings in time and space. improbable plots.(2) . Stress on emotion rather than reason; optimism,(3) . Authorial subjectivity: in form and meaning.3. Major Themes:a. Prim iti vism and the cult of the “noble savage海H华OWahab. The celebration of natural beauty and the simple life (Cooper, Emerson, Thoreau);c. Common man, uncorrupted by civilization (Whittier, Cooper);d. Interest in the picturesque past (Irving, Hawthorne);e. Interest in the remote places (Melville); medievalism (Longfellow);如果您需要使用本文档，请点击下载按钮下载!Washington Irvings The Sketch Book 见 闻札 记 marks the beginning of American Romanticism.Whitmans (慧特 曼) Leaves of Grass 草叶 集 ) is the last masterpiece of American Romanticism.James Fenimore Coopers Leatherstocking Tales 皮裹腿故事集depicts as a pioneer, effectively approximates the American national experience of adventure into the West.Washington Irving(1783-1859)Father of the American short stories；the first great American wr