考试日期：2012年5月26日Reading Passage 1Title:Island Country in PacificQuestion types:True/False/Not Given; Summary; Short Answer Question文章内容回顾讲考古学研究的。大致的意思是：从库克船长环球航海引入，说他到了夏威夷群岛后发现当地土著讲的话是波利尼西亚人讲的语言，感觉非常惊奇，因为两个地方隔得很远。然后在一个岛上，考古学家和他的team找到了历史遗迹，里面有6个没有破损的pottery。记得T/F/NG有说这些pottery是用来煮东西吃的，但原文里面没有提到，所以选了NG。第一篇难度还行，题目跟文章都挺容易，不过第一段讲Captain Cook可能误导了很多烤鸭们。英文原文阅读Cooks 12 years sailing around the Pacific Ocean contributed much to European knowledge of the area. Several islands such as Sandwich Islands (Hawaii) were encountered for the first time by Europeans, and his more accurate navigational charting of large areas of the Pacific was a major achievement.To create accurate maps, latitude and longitude need to be known. Navigators had been able to work out latitude accurately for centuries by measuring the angle of the sun or a star above the horizon with an instrument such as a backstaff or quadrant. Longitude was more difficult to measure accurately because it requires precise knowledge of the time difference between points on the surface of the earth. The Earth turns a full 360 degrees relative to the sun each day. Thus longitude corresponds to time: 15 degrees every hour, or 1 degree every 4 minutes.Cook gathered accurate longitude measurements during his first voyage due to his navigational skills, the help of astronomer Charles Green and by using the newly published Nautical Almanac tables, via the lunar distance methodmeasuring the angular distance from the moon to either the sun during daytime or one of eight bright stars during night-time to determine the time at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, and comparing that to his local time determined via the altitude of the sun, moon, or stars. On his second voyage Cook used the K1 chronometer made by Larcum Kendall, which was the shape of a large pocket watch, 5 inches (13 cm) in diameter. It was a copy of the H4 clock made by John Harrison, which proved to be the first to keep accurate time at sea when used on the ship Deptfords journey to Jamaica, 176162.Cook succeeded in circumnavigating the world on his first voyage without losing a single man to scurvy, an unusual accomplishment at the time. He tested several preventive measures but the most important was frequent replenishment of fresh food. It was for presenting a paper on this aspect of the voyage to the Royal Society that he was presented with the Copley Medal in 1776.Ever the observer, Cook was the first European to have extensive contact with various people of the Pacific. He correctly concluded there was a relationship among all the people in the Pacific, despite their being separated by thousands of miles of ocean (see Malayo-Polynesian languages). Cook came up with the theory that Polynesians originated from Asia, which was later proved to be correct by scientist Bryan Sykes.50 In New Zealand the coming of Cook is often used to signify the onset of colonisation.Cook was accompanied on his voyages by many scientists, whose observations and discoveries added to the importance of the voyages.Joseph Banks, a botanist, went on the first voyage along with fellow botanist Daniel Solander from Sweden. Between them they collected over 3,000 plant species. Banks became one of the strongest promoters of the settlement of Australia by the British, based on his own personal observations.There were also several artists on the first voyage. Sydney Parkinson was involved in many of the drawings, completing 264 drawings before his death near the end of the voyage. They were of immense scientific value to British botanists. Cooks second expedition included the artist William Hodges, who produced notable landscape paintings of Tahiti, Easter Island, and other locations.A number of the junior officers who served under Cook went on to distinctive accomplishments of their own. William Bligh, Cooks sailing master, was given command of HMS Bounty in 1787 to sail to Tahiti and return with breadfruit. Bligh is most known for the mutiny of his crew which resulted in his being set adrift in 1789. He later became governor of New South Wales, where he was subject of another mutinythe only successful armed takeover of an Australian colonial government. George Vancouver, one of Cooks midshipmen, later led a voyage of exploration to the Pacific Coast of North America from 1791 to 1794. In honour of his former commander, Vancouvers new ship was also christened Discovery. George Dixon sailed under Cook on his third expedition, and later commanded an expedition of his own.His contributions to knowledge were internationally recognised during his lifetime. In 1779, while the American colonies were at war with Britain in their war for independence, Benjamin Franklin wrote to captains of American warships at sea, recommending that if they came into contact with Cooks vessel, they were to:.not consider her an enemy, nor suffer any plunder to be made of the effects contained in her, nor obstru