2022年考博英语-河北工业大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题The miserable fate of Enrons employees will be a landmark in business history, one of those awful events that everyone agrees must never be allowed to happen again. This urge is understandable and noble: thousands have lost virtually all their retirement savings with the demise of Enron stock. But making sure it never happens again may not be possible, because the sudden impoverishment of those Enron workers represents something even larger than it seems. Its the latest turn in the unwinding of one of the most audacious promise of the 20th century.The promise was assured economic securityeven comfortfor essentially everyone in the developed world. With the explosion of wealth, that began in the 19th century it became possible to think about a possibility no one had dared to dream before. The fear at the center of daily living since caveman dayslack of food warmth, shelterwould at last lose its power to terrify. That remarkable promise became reality in many ways. Governments created welfare systems for anyone in need and separate programs for the elderly (Social Security in the U. S). Labor unions promised not only better pay for workers but also pensions for retirees. Giant corporations came into to being and offered the possibilityin some cases the promiseof lifetime employment plus guaranteed pensions. The cumulative effect was a fundamental change in how millions of people approached life itself, a reversal of attitude that most rank as one of the largest in human history.The early hints that this promise might be broken on a large scale came in the 1980s. U.S. business had become uncompetitive globally and began restructuring massively, with huge Layoffs. The trend accelerated in the 1990s as the bastions of corporate welfare faced reality. IBM ended its no-layoff policy. AT&T fired thousands, many of whom found such a thing simply incomprehensible, and a few of whom killed themselves. The other supposed guarantors of our economic security were also in decline. Labor-union membership and power fell to their lowest levels in decades. President Clinton signed a historic bill scaling back welfare. Americans realized that Social Security wont provide social security for any of us.A less visible but equally significant trend affected pensions. To make costs easier to control, companies moved away from defined benefit pension plans, which obligate them to pay out specified amounts years in the future, to define contribution plans, which specify only how much goes into the play today. The most common type of defined-contribution plan is the 401(k). The significance of the 401(k) is that it puts most of the responsibility for a persons economic fate back on the employee. Within limits the employee must decide how much goes into plan each year and how it gets investedthe two factors that will determine how much its worth when the employee retires.What brings us back to Enron? Those billions of dollars in vaporized retirement savings went in employees 401 (k) accounts, That is, the employees chose how much money to put into those accounts and then chose how to invest it. Enron matched a certain proportion of each employees 401 (k) contribution with company stock, so everyone was going to end up with some Enron in his or her portfolio; but that could be regarded as a freebie, since nothing compels a company to match employee contributions at all. At least two special features complicate the Enron case. First, some shareholders charge top management with illegally covering up the companys problems, prompting investors to hang on when they should have sold. Second, Enrons 401(k) accounts were locked while the company changed plan administrators in October, when the stock was falling, so employees could not have closed their accounts if they wanted to.But by far the largest cause of this human tragedy is that thousands of employees were heavily overweighed in Enron stock. Many had placed 100% of their 401 (k) assets in the stock rather than in the 18 other investment options they were offered. Of course that wasnt prudent, but its what some of them did.The Enron employees retirement disaster is part of the larger trend away from guaranteed economic security. Thats why preventing such a thing from ever happening again may be impossible. The huge attitudinal shift to Ill-be-taken-care-of took at least a generation. The shift back may take just as long. It wont be complete until a new generation of employees see assured economic comfort as a 20th -century quirk, and understand not just intellectually but in their bones that, like most people in most times and places, theyre on their own.1. Why does the author say at the beginning “The miserable fate of Enrons employees will be a landmark in business history.?2. According to the passage, the combined efforts by governments, labor unions and big corporations to guarantee economic