现在完成时态语法讲解和习题巩固1.构成 现在完成时是由助动词 have(has)+动词的过去分词构成。助动词have(has)表明事情发生于现在。它和主语的人称、数要保持一致。过去分词在句子中做谓语，说明句子的含义。2.用法 （1）动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间，但对现在有某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。如：Have you had lunch yet? -Yes,I have. Ive just had it. 你（已经）吃午饭了吗？ 我刚刚吃过。（现在我不饿了（2）表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止，可能仍然在进行。常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。如：He has taught here since 2011. 他自2011年就在这儿教书。（可能还要继续教）I havet seen her for four years. 我有四年没见到她了。since和for的区别 since后接时间点，如8:00，last term, yesterday, 3 days agofor后接一段时间，表示“长达多久”，如one year, two days, a long time等。Exercise: 用since和for填空1. Jim has been in Ireland _ Monday. 2. Jill has been in Ireland _ three days.3. His aunt has lived in Australia _5 days. 4. Mary is in her office. She has been there _7 oclock.5. India has been an independent country _1974. 6. The bus is late. Theyve been waiting _ 20 minutes.7. Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty _ many years.8. Mike has been ill _a long time. He has been in hospital _ October.（3）表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作，现在成为一种经验，一般译为汉语“过”，常带有twice, ever, never, three times等时间状语。 如： I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京二次。3.现在完成时的时间状语 （1）现在完成时属于现在时范围，故不能和过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday, last Sunday, in1990, three years ago等。但是，在强调动作产生的后果和影响时，可以和一些表示不确定的时间状语连用。 a. 用副词already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中，yet一般用于否定句和 疑问句中。如：We have already finished our homework.我们已完成作业了。They havent finished their homework yet.他们还没有完成作业。用ever 和never。多用于否定或疑问句中，表示“曾经”或“从未“等。 如：-Have you ever been to the Great Wall?你曾经去过长城吗？ -I have never been to the Great Wall.我从未去过长城。 c.用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语，如just, before, the past few years等。例如：I have seen her before, but I can not remember where. 我以前见过她，但记不起在哪里见过。 He has been there three times the last few days. 近几年他去过那里三次了。d.用包括“现在”在内的时间状语，如：now, today, this morning(month, year, term)等。例如：-Have you met him today?-No,I havent. 今天你见过他吗？我 没有。 How many times have you been there this year? 今年你去过那里多少次？ （2）现在完成时可以和带有since或for等表示“一段时间”的状语连用, 表示动作或状态从某一时刻开始，一直持续到现在。如：I havent seen him for two years. She has worked in the factory for 5 year.但是，像come, arrive, buy等终止性动词不能与表示“一段时间”的状语连用。要用，必须改为相应的延续性动词来表述。表示短暂意义的动词如arrive, leave, borrow, buy, begin, start, die等，在完成时当中不能和表示一段时间的状语连用，因为它们表示的动作不可能持续。因此，不能说： He has come here for 2 weeks. The old man has died for 4 years. They have left only for 5 minutes. 以上三句话可以改为：He has been here for 2 weeks. The old man has _ _ for 4 years.They have _ _ only for 5 minutes.现归纳总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换：1.直接用延续性动词 buy have；catch(get) a cold have a cold；borrowkeep；becomebe；put on- wear2.转换成be+名词 join the army be a soldier；join the Party be a Party member；go to school be a student 3转换成be+形容词或副词diebe dead；finish be over；beginbe on；leavebe away ； fall sleep be asleep close be closed come to/ go to/arrive at(in)+某地 be in(at) +某地finish be over open be open 4.转换成 be+介词短语go to school be in school ； get up_ be up；如：He has been a soldier for three years. 他参军三年了。His father has been dead for two years. 他父亲去世二年了。 The film has been on for ten minutes .电影已开始十分钟了。We have already studied English for three years. 我们已经学英语三年了。4.现在完成时和一般过去时的区别现在完成时和一般过去时都表示在过去完成的动作。但现在完成时强调的是这一动作与现在的关系。如对现在产生的结果或影响等，而一般过去时只表示动作在过去某一时刻发生，不表示和现在的关系。试比较： I have lost my new book. 我把新书丢了。（现在还未找到）I lost my new book yesterday. 我昨天把新书丢了。（昨天丢的，现在找到与否没说明）5.几点注意事项 （1）have been(to)与have gone( to)的区别：have been(to)表示“去过某地（现在已经回来了）”，可用于各人称；have gone(to)表示“去某地了（说话时某人不在当地）”，常用于第三人称，前者可与once ,never, many times等连用，后者则不能。如：They have been to Beijing twice.他们曾去过北京两次。 He has gone to Beijing . 他已经去北京了。（2）如单纯表示一段时间，或强调一段时间，虽有since一词，也不必用完成时。如：It is two years since his father died. = His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世已有三年了。一、 单项选择 1. Li Hong has _ the army for 2 years. A. joined B. be in C. been in D. joined in 2. We have been friends since _. A. children B. five years C. five years ago D. five years before 3. Mike _ the story for a month. A. has bought B. has had C. had had D. has borrowed 4. You _ that question three times. A. already asked B. have already asked C. already have asked D. asked already 5. Those foreign friends left Guangzhou _. A. since last week B. a week ago C. for a week D. since a week ago 6. I _ at this school for two years. A. am studying B. study C. studied D. have studied 7. They _ in the city since last summer. A. live B. didnt live C. have lived D. live 8. Mrs. Wang has lived in Haikou _ 1992. A. since B. from C. after D. in 9. Mr. Black _ China since the summer of 1998. A. has been to B. has been