气动测量仪的工程应用 浮标式气动测量仪摘 要机械加工中传统测量尺寸的量具和方法很多，一般常用的有游标卡尺、千分尺、百分表等，这些量具适用于现场测量，但有时测量精度达不到要求。测量精度高的如测长机、三坐标测量机等，对环境要求较高，不适合作现场测量。一些容易产生变形的工件(如薄壁零件)，用传统的测量方法，则有可能由于测量人员的人为因素，如测量经验、测力的掌握不匀等，引起工件在测量过程中变形，这样就使得测量数据的可靠性受到影响。气动测量由于其测量方法比传统的方法有许多的优越性，既适合现场测量，又能达到较高的测量精度，因此在机械加工中的应用日益增加。气动量仪是机械制造工业中使用的一种精密测量仪器，用于测量工件的长度、厚度、槽宽、内孔直径、外圆直径、两孔中心距、轴心线直线度、圆度、垂直度、平行度等各种参数。具有测量精度高、结构简单、使用维护方便、可以实现非接触式远距离测量等优点。若与各种类型的气动测量头配合使用，还可以完成多种测量工作。因此，在各种测量仪器中，气动测量仪是一种很有发展前途的测量仪器。 基于气动量仪的以上优点，本文重点讨论了气动量仪中最具代表性的浮标式气动量仪。本论文的研究具有重要的科学意义和实用价值，主要表现在以下几个方面：气动测量方法广泛应用于汽车、轴承、内燃机、塑料、造纸、机械加工等行业，随着技术的不断发展，高精度的加工必然要求相应的高精度测量措施，常规的测量仪器由于精度、测量条件的限制，将难以完成日益复杂的测量任务。利用现代电子技术、计算机技术结合气动测量方法研制高精度、智能化、自动化的气动测量仪适应了现代科技发展的潮流，必将为我国工业现代化作出重大的贡献。关键词：气动量仪，精密测量，量仪，机械制造ENGINEERING APPLICATION OF PNEUMATIC MEASURING INSTRUMENT-FLOAT TYPE PNEUMATIC MEASURING INSTRUMENT ABSTRACTConventional machining and method of measuring the size measurement of many commonly used with caliper, micrometer, dial indicator, etc. these measuring tools for field measurements, but sometimes it is mainly the measurement accuracy. Such as high precision measuring machine, CMM, etc. on the environment are higher, and is not suitable for on-site measurements. Some easy deformation of the work piece (such as thin-walled parts), the traditional measurement methods, there may be due to human factors measurement personnel, such as measuring experience, measuring mastery of such uneven, causing deformation of the work piece in the measurement process, so that makes the reliability of measurement data are affected. Pneumatic measurement because of its measurement methods than the traditional method has many advantages, both for on-site measurements, while maintaining high precision, and therefore the application of mechanical processing is increasing. Pneumatic measuring instrument is the machinery manufacturing industry in the use of a precision measuring instrument for measuring the work piece length, thickness, width, bore diameter, outer diameter, center distance of two hole, the axis line straightness, roundness, perpendicularity, parallelism, and other parameters. Has high accuracy, simple structure, easy maintenance, you can achieve non-contact distance measurement and so on. If the measuring head with the various types of air with the use of multiple measurements can be done. Thus, in a variety of measuring instruments, pneumatic measuring instrument is a promising measuring instrument.Based on the above advantages of pneumatic measuring instrument, which gives the most representative of pneumatic measuring instrument buoy type pneumatic measuring instrument.This study has important scientific significance and practical value, mainly in the following areas: aerodynamic measurement method is widely used in automobiles, bearings, internal combustion engine, plastics, paper, machinery and processing industries, as technology continues to develop, necessary requirement for high precision machining high-precision measurement of the appropriate measures, the precision of conventional measuring instruments, measurement conditions, it would be difficult to complete increasingly complex measurement tasks. The use of modern electronic technology, computer technology developed high-precision measurement method combined with pneumatic, intelligent, automated pneumatic measuring instrument adapted to the modern trend of technological development, industrial modernization in China will surely make a significant contribution. KEY WORDS: pneumatic measuring instrument, precision measuring, measuring instrument, machinery 目录第1章 前 言11.1 气动测量仪的发展史11.2 气动量仪的特点2第2章 气动量仪的工作原理42.1 气动测量仪的工作原理42.2 气动测量仪的分类52.3 流量式气动测量仪52.3.1 流量式气动量仪测量原理52.3.2 流量式气动量仪的工作特性62.3.3 流量式气动测量仪的主要技术参数72.4 压力式气动量仪82.4.1 压力式气动量仪测量原理82.4.2 压力式气动量仪的主要技术参数8第3章 气动量仪的理论基础103.1 喷嘴挡板机构的形成103.2 喷嘴挡板机构的压力特性113.3 喷嘴挡板机构的流量特性12第4章 浮标示气动测量仪的结构和部件144.1 浮标示气动测量仪的基本气路144.2 浮标式气动量仪的结构及材料工艺性154.2.1 浮标式气动量仪的结构154.2.2 浮标式气动量仪所用的材料和结构工艺性194.2.3 QFP型浮标式气动量仪结构的优点204.3 浮标式气动量仪的气动测量头和校对规204.4 浮标式气动量仪的选用原则22第五章 浮标式气动量仪的使用方法245.1 操作前的准备工作245.2 调整255.3 测量265.4 浮标式气动量仪的注意事项26第6章 浮标式气动测量仪的误差分析286.1 气源压力波动引起的误差286.2 示值非线性误差286.3 浮标的瞬时窜动误差296.4 长时间不稳定误差29结论30谢 辞31参考文献32附录33第1章 前 言1.1 气动测量仪的发展史从第一台气动量仪诞生到现在已经有八十多年。世界历史上的第一台气动量仪，是第二次世界大战后，由法国的汽化器公司为了测量他们的汽化器喷射口而制造的，它是一台背压型气动量仪。图1-1 调节阀这种气动量仪由一个简单空气调节系统与一个灌满水带有刻度的管子（指示器）联接组成。当时的设计采用了那个时代最简单的调压阀，如图1-1所示，前一个调节阀将空气流的压力调节到一个适当的值，然后空气流经过一个三通的“T”型管，“T”型管的竖直部分开口并且被浸在水中，多余的空气就通过这个通道变成气泡回到大气中。第二个调节阀用于零位调节，而通过其后与水箱底部相通的压力指示管的水面高度，操作人员就可以读出气动测量头与第二个调节阀之间的背压变化，测量出工件表面到测量头喷嘴之间的距离。测量时，气动塞规被插入到化油器喷嘴孔中。如果化油器喷嘴孔越大，用于置换的空气就越多，刻度管中的水被部分的置换。当背压反映刻度管中水平位置时，气动塞规气孔与工件之间的间距也就被指示出来。这样，该公司就建立了一套标准的背压读数，并通过筛选 “合格的”零部件、记录其精确的背压读数，使之与化油器喷嘴孔的尺寸相符。以此标准来检验产品是否合格。1943年，一批法国工程师们对这个系统做了进一步的改进并申请了专利，并在重新开发的空气调节系统中使用了用表盘读数，消除了之前以水为介质的测量方法中的蒸发影响，以此来代