英文文献翻译：Basic surveying and mappingIntroductionThe concept and classification of the first section surveying and mapping (Surveying and Mapping; SM)A concept, surveying and mapping (Surveying and Mapping; SM)Surveying and mapping is the acquisition of geographic information (the determination, collection of Italy), a scientific processing, description and application. Its contents include: Study on determination, describing the shape of the earth, size, gravity, surface morphology and their various changes, determine the natural and artificial objects, artificial facilities spatial location and attributes, made of various map (including topographic map) and the establishment of information system. Modern surveying and mapping techniques have been applied to some other planets and the moon.The concept of geographical information (Geographical information; GI): reflect the characteristics of geographical system and its factors, various information dynamic, rhythm, rhythm, cycle and distribution. The general is the image of geographic information, digital geographic information and file information. A variety of geographic information of modern geography through observation, statistics, document retrieval, aerial survey, ground measurements, the aircraft measurement for information on the surface of the earth and space condition.The concept of geographic information system (Geographical Information System; GIS): supported by computer hardware, all kinds of geographic information according to the spatial distribution, in a certain format input, storage, retrieval, update, display, graphics and comprehensive analysis of the technology system. It contains data, symbol and image etc.The concept of Measurement Science (Surveying): surveying is the study of how to determine the location of the ground plane points and elevation, the topography of theearths surface and other information of Surveying and mapping (with map and topographic map), and study the earths size and shape of a science.Determination of the concept refers to the use of measuring instruments and methods, through the measurement and calculation, obtain the measured data of the ground point, or to the topography of the earths surface according to a certain proportion shrinking as topography, for scientific research, the national economic construction and planning design.Survey and design concept is the planning drawing design good building, structure location (position and Gao Cheng) with the measurement instrument and the measurement method on ground calibration as the basis for construction. Two, surveying and mapping science research objectObject mapping studies, usually is the surface of the earth (including land and sea) and fixtures. With the continuous development of science and technology, the research object will be extended to the distant space and other planets. Three, the task of Surveying and mappingTypically, surveying and mapping tasks are divided into three aspects as follows:1, the surface of the earth or the earths surface shape and size of the local region mapping topographic maps - from the field to the drawings (mapping or determination)2, the drawing design good engineering building, the instrument and method calibration to the field - from drawings to the field (setting or setting).3, under construction and completion of the building deformation monitoring, regular - deformation observation.Such as Frances Barcelona outburst of an arch dam, the dam is an example of the lack of necessary observation and caused great disaster. The dam was built in 1954, destroyed in 1959 December. The dam burst, store flood rushing downstream water level rise, instant. Depth of 7 - 15 meters, width of a kilometer to 70 km / h speed down speed, lasted 45 minutes, downstream 10 km Ferre eggplant, city in ruins before the dam, 8 kilometers a barracks 500 soldiers died. To this end, the French government set up a commission check. According to the survey said: because thedam slope local rock weak, the abutment inhomogeneous deformation and landslide caused by the dam burst. Set no observation instruments during the dam operation, building on the lack of regular inspection and observation of deformation before failure, failed to fully understand the dam reinforcement remedial measures, did not make the corresponding etc, is one of the most important causes of dam failure.The investigation that the dam failure lesson of the main is dam observation shall be equipped with a sufficient number of personnel and equipment, systematic observation of dam.So far, in water conservancy technology theory, is also very difficult to solve the problems in water conservancy project all, such as the stress state and stability calculation, the flow state, hydrological and engineering geological conditions.However, the modern practice of ob