国际经济学全套课件526P “ WTOoutline第一章概论一、国际经济学的研究对象 Economics国际经济学的研究对象国际经济学的概念“ “ “ 国际经济学与一般经济学的联系和区别S.J. 威尔斯Sidney J.Wells :“对一般经济理论与国际经济学这一特殊学科之间的联系,发现得越多,对后者的理解就越好。 国际经济学与一般经济学的区别国际经济与国内经济的运行范围和条件存在着巨大的差异国际经济与国内经济的运行范围和条件存在着巨大的差异 国际经济与国内经济的运行范围和条件存在着巨大的差异二、 国际经济学的主要内容 三、国际经济学的产生和开展1 H-O The Mercantilism“ 17661817201 19191933- H-O 1 1936-1 20701 20 70 80“ 1 20 6020 4020 701978“ 122“ External Balance1752“ - - ?2 202 20 60“21960 “ “19732 20 702 20 801? 234 5“ “ “ “ “ ?D A BC D C? A B CD A? ABC D C ABCD本章结束Part 1 International Trade TheoryChapter 2-3: Theory of comparative advantageChapter 4: Determination of equilibrium relative pricesChapter 5: The Heckscher-Ohlin theoryChapter 6: The new trade theoriesChapter 7: International trade and economic growthBasic questions of international trade theories1. What is the basis for trade?2. What are the gains from trade?3. What is the pattern of trade?Chapter 2The Law of Comparative AdvantageChapter 22.1 The Mercantilists Views on Trade2.2 Trade Based on Absolute Advantage2.3 Trade Based on Comparative Advantage2.4 Comparative Advantage and Opportunity Costs2.5 The Basis for and the Gains from Trade under Constant Costs? “ ?2.1 The mercantilists Views on Trade1. Background of originationEurope During the fourteenth and eighteenth century2. Influential mercantilist writerThomas Munn1571-1641Englands Treasure by Foreign Trade3. Views of MercantilismThe wealth of a nation was measured by the stock of precious metal it possessed. The amount of gold and silver was fixed The ordinary way for a nation to increase wealth was to export more than it imported Trade was a zero-sum game Preached strict government control of all economic activity and trade protectionism? “1 “? ?“ “ “ “ ? ?4. Evaluation1 LimitationsViews on national wealthViews on trade and trade policiesEconomic nationalism2 Contributions: Trade and National IncomeOn theoriesOn reality5 ? “ ?2.2 Trade based on absolute advantage: Adam Smith 1. OriginationAdam Smith: Research on the nature and reason of national wealth, 1776Background: Europe in the eighteenth century? 1723 1790172317175117641759 18 60 177017761790 7 17?2. Explanation1 Assumptions:2 countries2 commodities1 factor labor2 Concepts:Absolute advantage :the more efficient production in one commodity lower cost or higher output International specializing in production:Illustration of Absolute advantage 12 hours per piece4 hours per pieceCommodity Y3 hours per piece2 hours per pieceCommodity XCountry BCountry AIllustration of Absolute advantage 2Illustration of Absolute advantage 354Clothyards/man-hour16Wheatbushels/man-hourU.K.U.S.3 ProblemWhat are the gains from international specialization in production and international trade?1?10 480001 12 12 11 1 3 23 2 3 33 32?“ “ Illustration of Absolute advantage: Gains54Clothyards/man-hour16Wheatbushels/man-hourU./.sume 6W:6C 1W:1CU.S U.K.64Cloth66WheatAfterBefore630 5Cloth661WheatAfterBefore3. ConclusionsTrade between two nations is based on absolute advantage The pattern of trade is that each country specializes in the production of the commodity in which it has Absolute Advantage and export it, while importing its Absolute Disadvantage The gains from trade is measured by increase in the output due to specialization or more consumption All nations would gain from free trade and advocated a policy of laissez-faire 4. Evaluation1 ContributionsFree trade is positive-sum game Create analyzing models.2 LimitationsExplain only a very small part of world trade8090120210112.3 Trade based on Comparative Advantage: David Ricardo1. OriginationDavid Ricardo : 1817 Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, Background Act of corns?1772 4 1814 1799181718191823 9 11 ?2. The Law of Comparative Advantage 1Concept 2Derivation 3Conclusions 4Assumptions1 Concept Comparative Advantage isLarger absolute advantageSmaller absolute disadvantage“ “Table 2.2 Comparative Advantage24Clothyards/man-hour16Wheatbushels/man-hourU.K.U.S.? 2 DerivationThe gains from tradeProblems Is the comparative advantage the basis for international trade What are the patterns of trade under comparative advantage What are the gains from trade under comparative advantage?Table 2.2 Comparative Advantage24Clothyards/man-hour16Wheatbushels/man-hourU./.sume 6W:6C 1W:1CU.S U.K.64Cloth66WheatAfterBefore612 2Cloth661WheatAfterBefore The range for mutually advantageous trade is: 4C 6W 12CWhat are the gains from trade in the other exchange rates i.e., 6W:5C, 6W:7C, 6W:8C, 6W:9C, 6W:10C, 6W:11C A