重点语法：1.现在完成时 A 表示动作发生在过去，对现在造成的影响或结果。不能与过去时间直接连用。表示动作从过去一直持续到现在，有可能持续到将来。谓语要用延续性动词，常与 for +时间段/since + 时间点B 结构：have/has +V(过去分词) eg: She has had dinner.(已经吃过了。现在不用再吃了) 否定结构：She has not (hasnt) had dinner. 一般疑问句：Has she had dinner? Yes, she has . / No, she hasnt . C 句中出现了表时间段的时间状语，谓语动词用延续性动词。 非延续的要转为延续 比如:die - be dead buy - have open be open close be closed begin/start be on come be here go/leave be away finish be overget up be up wake up be awake fall asleep be asleep leave be away fromjoin be ( in )/ be a .member arrive/reach be lose not haveD 含时间段的完成时同意转换 I have had the book for a year. I have had the book since a year ago. It is a year since I bought the book. I bought the book last year.2. 被动语态：主语是动作的承受者。结构： be +done 所有时态的变化都是BE 发生变化一般现在时：am/ is/ are + done We clean the room. The room is cleaned by us.一般过去式：was/ were done He made the plane.- The plane was made by him.含情态动词：情态动词+ be done She must finish her homework today.- Her homework must be finished by her today.一般将来时：will be done I will listen to music.- Music will be listened to by me.过去进行时：当主动语态转为被动语态时，将主动语态的宾语做被动语态的主语。如果宾语是代词时，要变为主格。I can speak English.English can be spoken by me.(主格变宾格) 带双宾语的谓语动词变为被动语态两个宾语（直接宾语，指物；间接宾语，指人）都可以充当被动语态的主语。当指人的间接宾语作主语时，保留直接宾语。如：He gave me a book.I was given a book by him.当直接宾语作主语时，在间接宾语前要加 to /for 因动词而定。He gave me a book.A book was given to me by him. 在主动语态中省略TO 动词不定式，在被动语态中不能省略。如：They often hear birds sing on the trees. Birds are often heard to sing on the trees. 主动结构表被动意义 open, lock write, read, sell, clean, wash, cut, burn, drive 等不及物动词时，他们的主语是物，可用主动语态表被动意义。Eg: This kind of pen writes very smoothly.这种笔写起来很流畅。These books sells well. 这些书很畅销。 look, sound, taste, smell 等系动词用主动结构表被动意义。The T-shirt feels soft.这件体恤衫摸起来很柔软。The dish tastes delicious.这道菜尝起来很美味。 need /want/ require + doing 相当于 need/ want/ require +to be done.My bike needs repairing. = My bike needs to be repaired. 不用被动语态的情况 主动句的宾语是 each other 或反身代词时，不能用被动语态。 I could look after myself at the age of eight.(主动语态) Myself could be looked after by me 。（误） 主动语态的宾语是不定式或DOING 时，不能用作被动语态的主语。 They want to play basketball on the playground.（主动语态） To play basketball is wanted on the playground.( 误) 谓语动词是 happen take place, break out, cost, take 等，无被动语态。 An accident happened to him.（主动语态） An accident was happened to him.(误)3 反意疑问句 附在陈述句之后，对陈述的句所说的事物或观点提出疑问的句子。遵循陈述句肯定，附加问句否定；陈述句否定，附加疑问句肯定。其回答用 Yes /No 陈述句含有表否定的词：never , no, nothing ,nobody , none ,little , few ,hardly tooto 等表否定的词，反义疑问句应用肯定形式。 I have never been to Beijing, have I ? 在一个单词前加前缀 构成意思相反的词，并不表示该陈述句是否定意义。 The sofa feels uncomfortable, doesnt it? 当陈述句部分含有情态动词 must 时 A： 表必须时，反义问句用 neednt We must speak English on English class, neednt we ？B：must 表推测的时候。“一定，想必”之意，附加问句的谓语动词由must后面的动词决定。 That man must be Mr. Wang, isnt he ? 当陈述句的部分是 I (am) 形式时，附加疑问的部分应该用 arent I I am right, arent I ? 祈使句的反义问句。A： 肯定祈使句，反义问句用 will you / wont you B: 否定的祈使句，反义问句用 will you C: Lets shall we 主从复合句的 反义问句通常与主句的 主语一致 He doesnt think Mr. Wang will be angry with him, does he ?如若主语是I/We ,其谓语动词是 think /believe /except/imagine 等，则反义问句的主语与从句一致。We dont think you are right, are you ?(否定前移) 反义问句中主语的应用 There be 句型的用 there be 完成There is nothing in the box, is there? 陈述句中的主语是指事或物的不定代词 /指示代词，如 something /anything / nothing/ everything/ this / that （these、 those 用are they / arent they） Something is wrong with my eyes, isnt it ? 当主语是指人的不定代词everybody/ somebody/ nobody / anybody时，反义疑问句的主语用 he /they 不能用 it Practice一、单项选择1.Have you got any pieces of paper?Yes, I _.A. have got B. have C. had one D. did2. Have you ever _ to a foreigner?A. speak B. spoke C. spoken D. to speak3. Have you met Mr. Li _?A. just B. ago C. before D. a moment ago4. The famous writer _ one new book in the past two years.A. is writing B. was writing C. wrote D. has written5. Our country _ a lot so far.Yes. I hope it will be even _.A. has changed; well B. changed; goodC. has changed; better D. changed; better6. Zhao Lan _already _in this school for two years.A. was; studying B. will; studyC. has; studied D. are; studying7. We _ Xiao Li since she was a little girl.A. know B. had known C. have known D. knew8. Harry Potter is a very nice film. I_ it twice.A. will see B. have seen C. saw D. see9. These farmers have been to the United States.Really? When _ there?A. will they go B. did they goC. do they go D. have they gone 10. His father _ the Party (党) since 1978.A. joined B. has joined C. was in D. has been in11. Do you know him well?Sure. We _ friends since ten years ago.A. were B. have been C. have become D. have made