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定语从句1什么是定语从句?由一个完整的句子充当定语的从句为定语从句。2特点:和其它类从句比较,除了有引导词(关系词)定语从句有“先行词”。3什么是先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词/代词为先行词。4定语从句的种类:限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。5定语从句引导词(关系词)的种类:关系代词和关系副词。例:I work in a school which was built 50 years ago.在此句中”school”为先行词,which 来引导定语从句,“which was built 50 years ago.”整句话来修饰先行词做定语,所以这是个定语从句。注:定语从句的引导词通常置于先行词之后引导定语从句。(一)代词性引导词和副词性引导词,即关系代词和关系副词。代词性引导词有:that,which,who,whom,whose,as等,副词性引导词有:when,where,why等,代词性引导词在定语从句中充当主语/宾语,副词性引导词在定语从句中充当状语。注:what 不能引导定语从句,因为what从句属于名词性从句。(二)基本用法。授课:XXX1先行词性质不同要使用不同的引导词,先行词指人时,可用that,who,whom代指,who与whom的区别在于who是主格,在从句中作主语,whom是宾格,在从句中作宾语,而that作主语/宾语均可。先行词指物时,用that/which代指,可见,that既可代指人的先行词,也可代指物的先行词。例:Do you know the man that is standing by the door?此句that 引导定语从句,代指先行词the man.例:This is the book that I have been looking for .此句that引导定语从句,代指先行词the book.例:This is the book which I have been looking for.此句which引导定语从句,代指先行词the book.例:Do you know the man who is standing by the door?此句who 引导定语从句,代指行行词the man,作从句的主语。也可用that引导从句,如” Do you know the man that is standing by the door?”例:The lady whom we saw this morning is Mrs.Brown.此句whom引导定语从句,代指先行词the lady,在从句中作宾语。也可用that引导即“The lady that we saw this morning is Mrs.Brown.”例:As is known to all,China is a large country.As is know to all是个很常用的表达方式,这也是的定语从句,只不过它的位置不像别的定语从句在先行词的后面,本句as代指主句的含义授课:XXX“中国是个大国“。As是一个特殊的引导词,引导定语从句时为代词。不像其他的代词性引导词用来代指一个具体的先行词,as代指整个主句的含义,which引导非限定性定语从句时,也有类似的用法。例:He is often late,which makes his teacher angry.此句which引导定语从句,代指主句的含义“他经常迟到“,作从句的主语,这时which 引导的就是非限定性定语从句。Which和as的用法相似,但也有区别。(1) which引导的定语从句只能位于主句后,但as引导的从句在主句前,中,后均可,在主句前居多。(2) as常理解为“正如,正像“而which常理解为”这,这事,这点“(3) as常用的固定搭配有,as is often the case,as was expected,as often happens,as is known to all,as has been said before,as is mentioned above等2副词性引导词。副词性引导词when.where,why.例:I often think of the happy days when I was in France.When引导定语从句,修饰先行词days意为“in the happy days”作从句的时间状语。例:This is the building where my father works.Where引导定语从句,修饰先行词building,意为“in the building授课:XXX”,作从句的地点状语。例:Do you know the reason why he was late.Why引导定语从句,修饰先行词reason意为“for the reason”,作从句的原因状语。说明:从以上的例子可以看出,代词性引导词在从句中作主语/宾语,副词性引导词在从句中作状语。注:如果引导词在从句中作宾语,则引导词可以省略。(一)限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的比较。限定性定语从句与先行词的关系密不可分,不可用逗号分开。而非限定性定语从句只是到先行词起补充说明作用,与先行词关系松散,通常用逗号将其分开,非限定性定语从句不能用that代指先行词。例:This is the photo that/which I took.The famous basketball player,who tried to make a comeback,attracted a lot of attention.(二)that与which的区别。当先行词指物时才需要讨论这个问题。1 当先行词为不定代词,如anything,everything,nothing,none,one,all,little,few,much等,或先行词被all,little,few,much,any,only,the every,every,no等修饰时,要用that代指先行词。授课:XXX例:All that is needed is a supply of oil.Finally,the thief handed everyting that he had stolen to the police.This is the only problem that remains to be settled.2.先行词是序数词/最高级形容词时,或先行词被序数词,最高级形容词,具有最高级意义的形容词(如last)修饰时,要用that作引导词。例:This is the first/best film that I have seen since I came here.3.先行词同时包括人和物时,要用that作引导词。例:They often talk about the people and the things that they like most.(三)不能用that引导的定语从句。1.在非限定性定语从句中不能用that,而用who,whom,which等代指先行词。例:I saw Mary just now,who seemed very excited.2.介词后不能用that。例:This is the person to whom your father spoke just now.3.当先行词是all,any,few,one(s),anyone,everyone,those,people等且指人时,只能用who,不用that.例:Those who are present will have the chance to see the film star.(四)as与which代指主句的含义。授课:XXX有的定语从句并不修饰一个具体的先行词,而是修饰整个主句,由which/as引导,这时which和as都代词性的,代指主句的含义,但是用法不同,上文有讲。例1:_is often the case,we have worked out the production plan. A. Which B.When C.What D.As例2:_is mentioned above,the number of the students in senior school is increasing. AWhich B.As C.That D.It 例3:Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others,_,of course,made the others envy him. A.who B.that C.what D.which.例4:He made another wonderful discovery,_of great importance to science. A.which I think is B.which I think it is C.which I think it D.I think is例5:The weather turned out to be very good,_was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C.that D.it.(五)先行词前有such,so,the same修饰时。这种情况下,定语从句用as引导,as代指先行词,在从句在作主语/宾语。授课:XXX例:1. She is such a kind teacher as we all like.2. She is so kind a teacher as we all like3. She is such a kind teacher that we all like her.1和2句均为定语从句,先行词均为teacher,分别用了such a kind teacher和so kind a teacher结构,含义是一样的。先行词有such/so修饰,要用as.在这两个句子中,as代指先行词,逻辑语序为we all like as,as作宾语。句3用了suchthat结构that本身没有含义,也不是从句的成分,只是起到引导的作用,从句的主谓宾分别为,we,like,her。这个问题的解题技巧是看从句是否主谓宾完整,如缺少宾语,必然要用引导词作宾语,选择as,如从句成分完整,选that,组成suchthat.结构。例1 This is such a difficult problem_none of us can work it out2 This is such a difficult problem_none of us can work out3 This is a difficult problem_none of us can work out.句1是个完整的句子,用that.句2从句中缺少宾语,且problem有such修饰,故是定语从句,用引导词as,句3
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