2013高考英语考点语法单选超级归纳六、动词的时态和语态1. 常用常考的动词时态和用法：（以do为例）名称构成用法一般现在时do/does,( 连系动词is/am/are )1.一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言，目前的特征、状态、能力等。2.主句是一般将来时,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。Ill go there after I finish my work.If it rains tomorrow,I wont go there.3.在以here,there开头的句子里，go,come等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动作。There goes the bell.铃响了。There comes the bus.汽车来了。Here she comes.她来了。一般过去时did,( 连系动词was/were)表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况，或过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或行为。现在进行时is/am/are doing1.表示正在进行的动作。2.表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。He is working as a teacher tomorrow.从明天起他要做老师。My father is coming to see me this Saturday.这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。3.代替一般现在时，描绘更加生动。The Changjiang River is flowing into the east.长江江水滚滚向东流。The sun is rising in the east.太阳从东方冉冉升起。过去进行时was/were doing1.表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作（这一过去时间须用时间状语表示）He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.2.表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行They were still working when I left.3.用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生I was writing while he was watching TV.4.表示过去将来动作He said she was arriving the next day.现在完成时has/have done1.表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，说话时已完成的动作。I have finished the report./ She has cleand the room.2.表示从过去开始，待续到现在的动作或状态，往往和“for.”, “since.”表述的一段时间状语连用。He has learned English for six years.They have worked here since they left college.3.表示“曾经到过某地（人已回来）”用“have/has been to”,表示“到某地去了（还未回来）”用“have/has gone to”。 Where is Li Hua? He has gone to the reading-room.She knows a lot about Shanghai.She has been there.4.短暂动词（即瞬间动词），join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry, finish,complete,begin,start,break out等，在完成时态中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。不能说：He has joined the army for three years.要翻译“他已参军已经三年了。”可采用“ago法”He joined the army three years ago.“延续法”He has been in the army for three years.“since法”It is/has been three years since he joined the army.过去完成时had done1.表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。He had shut the door before the dog came up.Everything had been all right up till this morning.2.表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，甚至还要继续下去。At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words.He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.3.常用hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose等动词的过去完成时来表示未实现的希望、打算或意图。We had expected that you would be able to win the match.将来完成时will/shall have done用来表示在将来某个时刻（前）将完成的动作。常和by短语，when,before引起的时间状语连用。We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.现在完成进行时has/have been doing用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在（还要继续下去）的动作。He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00.过去完成进行时had been doing表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，还将继续下去。一般将来时will/shall dois/am/are going to dois/am/are（about）to do一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况（详见下面2.一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较）过去将来时would/should dowas/were going to dowas/were（about）to do1.相对于过去某一时刻而言即将发生的动作或存在的状态He told me he would go to Beijing.他告诉我他将去北京。I was told that he was going to return home.有人告诉我他准备回家。2. would do(表示过去的习惯)总是,总会,常常He would sit silent for hours. 他常常接连好几个小时默默地坐着。2.一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较将来时用 法例 句1be + doing 进行时表将来go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作He is moving to the south.Are they leaving for Europe? 2be about to + 动词原形表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语I was about to leave when the bell rang.The meeting is about to close.3be to + 动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见Were to meet at the school gate at noon.4一般现在时表将来时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来The meeting starts at five oclock.The plane leaves at ten this evening.3.容易混淆的时态比较项 目区 别例 句一般过去时与现在完成时的比较现在完成时强调过去动作对现在产生的影响或造成的结果We havent heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose _ to her?A. was happening B. happens C. has happened D. happened说明：说话者强调Jane 目前的状况.Mr. Lee, who _ as a carpenter for over 10 years, is now a very famous statesman in this country. A. has workedB. had workedC. workedD. works (只说明他过去当过木匠不涉及到现在) 一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态Hello, I _ you were in London. How long _ here?A. dont know; were you B. hadnt known; are youC. havent known; are D. didnt know; have you been说明：didnt know 强调见面前不知道I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住)现在完成时与现在完成进行时的比较着重表示动作的结果时，用现在完成时I have read that book.我读过那本书了。（知道那本书的内容）着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则用现在完成进行时Hi, Tracy, you look tired. I am tired. I _ the living room all day.A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted 说明：强调动作从过去到现在的延续现在进行时与过去进行时的比较现在进行时表示现在某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作I dont really work here. I _ until the new secretary _.A. just help out; comes B. have just helped out; will comeC. am just helping out; comes D. will just help out; has come说明：指目前一段时间正在发生的动作, until 引导的是时间状语从句,动词需用一般现在时。过去进行时表示某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作 Hey, look where you are going! Oh, Im terribly sorry. _. A. Im not noticing. B. I wasnt noticing. C. I havent notice