2022年考博英语-外交学院考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题A rapid means of long distance transportation became a necessity for the United States settlement spread ever farther westward. The early trains were impractical curiosities, and for a long time the railroad companies met with troublesome mechanical problems. The most serious ones were the construction of rails able to bear the load, and the development of a safer, effective stopping system.Once these were solved, the railroad was established as the best means of land transportation. By 1860s there were thousands of miles or railroads crossing the eastern mountain ranges and reaching westward to the Mississippi. There were also regional southern and western lines.The high point in railroad building came with the construction of the first transcontinental system. In 1862 Congress authorized two western railroad companies to build lines from Nebraska westward and from California eastward to a meeting point, so as to complete a transcontinental crossing linking the Atlantic seaboard with Pacific. The Government helped the railroads generously with money and land. Actual work on this project from California used Chinese labor, while the Union Pacific employed crews of Irish laborers. The two groups worked at remarkable speed, each trying to cover a greater distance than the other. In 1896 they met at place called Promontory in what is now the state of Utah. Many visitors came there for the great occasion. There were joyous celebrations all over the country, with parade and the ringing of church bells to honor the great achievement.The railroad was very important in encouraging westward movement. It also helped build up industry and fanning by moving raw materials and by distributing products rapidly to distant markets. In linking towns and people to one another it helped unify the United States.1. The major problems with Americas railroad system in the mid-19th century lay in（ ）.2. The building of the first transcontinental system（ ）.3. The best title for this passage would be（ ）.4. The construction of the transcontinental railroad took（ ）.5. What most likely made people think about a transcontinental railroad?问题1选项A.poor quality rails and unreliable stopping systemsB.lack of financial support for developmentC.limited railroad linesD.lack of transcontinental railroad问题2选项A.brought about a rapid growth of industry and fanning in the westB.attracted many visitors to the construction sitesC.attracted labors form EuropeD.encouraged people to travel all over the country问题3选项A.settlements spread westwardB.the coast-to-coast railroad: a vital linkC.American railroad historyD.the importance of railroads in the American economy问题4选项A.9 yearsB.7 yearsC.4 yearsD.3 years问题5选项A.The possibility of government support for such a task.B.The need to explore Utah.C.The need to connect the east coast with the west.D.The need to develop the railroad industry in the west.【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:C第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。由题干定位到文中第一段最后两句话“The early trains were impractical curiosities, and for a long time the railroad companies met with troublesome mechanical problems. The most serious ones were the construction of rails able to bear the load, and the development of a safer, effective stopping system.（早期的火车都是些不切实际的玩意，在很长一段时间里，铁路公司都遇到了一些机械问题。最严重的问题是建造能承受荷载的轨道，以及开发更安全、更有效的刹车系统。）”，由此可知是火车铁轨质量不好，刹车系统还有待完善。A选项“铁路质量差，刹车系统不可靠”正确；B选项“缺乏对发展的财政支持”；C选项“有限铁路线路”和D选项“缺乏横贯大陆的铁路”文中都没有提到，因此A选项正确。2.细节事实题。由题干可定位到文中第三段倒数第二、三句话“In 1896 they met at place called Promontory in what is now the state of Utah. Many visitors came there for the great occasion.（1896年，两组人在现在的犹他州的海角相遇。许多游客为了这一盛事来到那里。）”由此可知人们为了看两组工队的相遇来到了施工现场。A选项“导致了西方工业和农业的迅速发展”文中没有提到；B选项“吸引了许多游客到建筑工地”正确；C选项“吸引欧洲的劳动力”和D选项“鼓励人们到全国各地旅游”文中都没有提到，因此B选项正确。3.主旨大意题。本文第一段讲述了早期美国铁路遇到的问题，第二段主要讲述了解决这些问题后美国铁路路线变多，第三段主要讲述了美国第一条贯穿大陆的铁路建设，第四段主要讲述该铁路的作用，由此可知本文主要讲述了美国铁路交通的发展。A选项“西方世界殖民扩张”；B选项“海岸到海岸的铁路重要的连接”和D选项“铁路在美国经济中的重要性”都没有C选项“美国的铁路历史”更符合文章大意，因此C选项正确。4.细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第三段第二句话“In 1862 Congress authorized two western railroad companies to build lines from Nebraska westward and from California eastward to a meeting point, so as to complete a transcontinental crossing linking the Atlantic seaboard with Pacific.（1862年国会授权两家西部铁路公司修建从内布拉斯加州往西和加州往东汇合的铁路，以便建成横穿大陆连接大西洋海岸和太平洋的十字路口。）”和第三段的倒数第三句话“In 1896 they met at place called Promontory in what is now the state of Utah.（1896年，他们在现在的犹他州的海角相遇。）”，由此可知，该贯穿大陆的铁路从修建到完成共花了7年时间。因此B选项正确。5.判断推理题。由题干定位到文章最后一段“The railroad was very important in encouraging westward movement. It also helped build up industry and fanning by moving raw materials and by distributing products rapidly to distant markets. In linking towns and people to one another it helped unify the United States.（这条铁路在鼓励西进运动方面起了非常重要的作用。它还通过运输原材料和将产品迅速分销到遥远的市场，帮助建立了工业和农业。它把城镇和人们联系在一起，帮助统一了美国。）”，由此可推断出该公路是为了在全国各地建立四通八达的铁路网，发展各地经济。A