2022年考博英语-四川师范大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题Dr. Rablen and Dr. Oswald have just published a study which concludes that Nobel science laureates live significantly longer than those of their colleagues who were nominated for a prize, but failed to receive one. They work with data from 1901 to 1950, and the search is restricted to men (to avoid differences in life span between the sexes), and those killed prematurely are eliminated. That gave them 135 prize winners and 389 also-rans.The theory they were testing was that status itself, rather than the trappings of status, such as wealth, act to prolong life. This idea was first declared by Sir Michael Marmot, of University College, London. Sir Michael studied the health of British civil servants and discovered, contrary to his and everyone elses expectations, that those at the top of the hierarchywhom the stress of the job was expected to have affected adverselywere actually far healthier than the supposedly unstressed functionaries at the bottom of the heap. Subsequent research has confirmed this result, and suggested it is nothing to do with the larger salaries of those at the top. But Dr. Rablen and Dr. Oswald thought it would be interesting to refine the observation still further, by studying individuals who were all, in a sense, at the top. By comparing people good enough to be considered for a Nobel, they could measure what the status of having one was worth.Comparing winners and also-rans from within the same countries, to avoid yet another source of bias, Dr. Rablen and Dr. Oswald found that the winners lived, on average, two years longer than those who had merely been nominated. Exactly what causes this increased longevity is unclear. It is not the cash, though. The inflation adjusted value of the prize has fluctuated over the years, so the two researchers were able to see if the purchasing power of the money was correlated with longevity. It was not.With the hierarchically ordered individuals studied by Sir Michael and his successors, both medical records and experiments on animals suggest stress hormones are involved. It is, indeed, more stressful to be at the bottom than the top, even if being at the top involves making decisions on the fate of nations. The result Dr. Rablen and Dr. Oswald have come up with, though, suggests a positive effect associated with high status, rather than the absence of a negative effect, since unsuccessful nominees never know that they have been nominated.A similar effect has been noted once before, in a different field. Research published a few years ago by Donald Redelmeier and Sheldon Singh showed that Oscar winning actors and actresses live 3.6 years longer than those who are nominated, but do not win. However, in that case the failed nominees do know that they have failed. And, curiously, Oscar winning scriptwriters live 3.6 years less than do nominees. Perhaps writers, unlike actors and scientists, live in a world of inverted snobbery.1. What has been done to avoid sources of bias in Dr. Rablen and Dr. Oswalds study?2. Whats the difference between the two doctors study and that of Sr. Michaels?3. What is the two doctors possible explanation for their findings?4. According to the passage, Redelmeier and Singhs study _.5. We can conclude from the passage that _.问题1选项A.Excluding the abnormal deaths.B.Selecting more prize nominees than winners.C.Having all subjects from the same country.D.Assuming inflation as an irrelevant factor.问题2选项A.They demonstrate opposite findings.B.They have different theoretical foundations.C.They use different methods of selecting subjects.D.They have different degrees of influence.问题3选项A.People at the top dont need to worry about money.B.People who suffer greater stress pay more attention to health.C.It is in fact less stressful to be at the top than the bottom.D.High status has a positive effect on people.问题4选项A.has been refined further by the two doctorsB.has disproved the conclusions of the two doctorsC.considered both positive and negative factorsD.considered the positive effects of several factors问题5选项A.health is better than wealthB.great hopes make great manC.prizes affect peoples life expectancyD.success in career brings health benefit【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:D第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。第一段提到“They work with data from 1901 to 1950, and the search is restricted to men (to avoid differences in life span between the sexes), and those killed prematurely are eliminated. 他们研究的数据从1901年到1950年，研究对象仅限于男性（以避免性别之间的寿命差异），英年早逝的人被排除在外。”，由此可知A选项“不包括非正常死亡”说法正确。由首段尾句“That gave them 135 prize winners and 389 also-rans.（结果有135名获奖者和389名落选者。）”可知，B选项“选择更多的奖项提名者而不是获奖者”是避免偏差来源之后得到的客观实验数据，不是避免偏差来源的手段，故排除。第三段首句提到了“Comparing winners and also-rans from within the same countries, to avoid yet another source of bias, Dr. Rablen and Dr. Oswald found that t