2022年考博英语-辽宁大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题In most countries, the law on organ transplantation is poorly defined, as legislation has not yet been created to cope with this advance in surgery. The existing framework relating to physical assault and care of the dead has no provision for organ transplantation. It is customary to ask the permission of the relatives, but because organ removal must take place immediately after death, it may be impossible to reach the relatives in time. It has been suggested that there should be a widespread campaign to encourage persons to provide in their wills that their organs be used for transplantation. An alternative is to provide by law that permission is assumed unless removal has been forbidden by the individual in his lifetime. Such laws have been passed in Denmark, France, Sweden, Italy, and Israel. Compulsory postmortem examination, a far more extensive procedure than organ removal for grafting, is required in most countries after unexpected death, and this compulsion is not a matter of public concern and debate.There would seem to be no reason why organ removal for transplantation purposes should not also be acceptable to public opinion, provided there is a mechanism by which individuals in their lifetime can refuse this permission. This, of course, requires an efficient register of those who indicate their refusal; the register would be consulted before any organs would be removed. It is important that there be public reassurance that consideration of transplantation would not impair normal resuscitative efforts of the potential donor.Transplantation has obviously raised important ethical considerations concerning the diagnosis of death, and particularly, how far resuscitation should be continued. Every effort must be made to restore the heartbeat to someone who has had a sudden cardiac arrest or breathing to someone who cannot breathe. Artificial respiration and massage of the heart, the standard methods of resuscitation, are continued until it is clear that the brain is dead. Most physicians consider that beyond this point efforts at resuscitation are useless.1.According to the author, which of the following is NOT true?2.Which of the following is NOT a suggestion made in the passage?3.The word “impair” at the end of Paragraph 2 can be best replaced by（ ）.4.It is believed that efforts at resuscitation are useless when（ ）.5.Which of the following sentences can best sum up the passage?问题1选项A.Most countries do not have an effective law on organ transplantationB.The traditional ways of asking for permission of relatives for organ removal dos not proved to be always feasibleC.It is hard to understand why people should remain silent on compulsory postmortem exam after unexpected death.D.In some countries these are laws providing that the permission of organ removal is taken for granted unless it has been refused by the person in his lifetime.问题2选项A.People should be encouraged to donate their organs after deathB.Organ removal should be permitted in the course of compulsory postmortem exam.C.Organ removal for transplantation should be advocated because it benefits the human societyD.Organ removal for transplantation could be considered legal unless the dead person stated otherwise in his life time.问题3选项A.neglectB.weakenC.come together withD.be superior to问题4选项A.artificial respiration and massage of the heart have yielded no obvious resultB.a persons heartbeat and breath has totally stoppedC.standard methods of resuscitation have failedD.the brain is certainly dead问题5选项A.Legal and ethical problems of organ transplantationB.Some underlying principles on organ transplantationC.The diagnosis of death before organ transplantationD.The difference between compulsory postmortem exam and organ transplantation【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:B第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第一段首句In most countries, the law on organ transplantation is poorly defined, as legislation has not yet been created to cope with this advance in surgery.（在大多数国家，器官移植的法律定义很不明确，因为尚未制定出针对外科手术进步的立法）可知A选项“大多数国家没有关于器官移植的有效法律”正确；由第一段中的It is customary to ask the permission of the relatives, but because organ removal must take place immediately after death, it may be impossible to reach the relatives in time.（习惯上要征得亲属的允许，但由于器官的摘除必须在死亡后立即进行，可能无法及时联系到亲属）可知B选项“传统的器官摘除请求亲属许可的方法并不总是可行的”正确；由第一段中的An alternative is to provide by law that permission is assumed unless removal has been forbidden by the individual in his lifetime. Such laws have been passed in Denmark, France, Sweden, Italy, and Israel.（另一种办法是通过法律规定，除非个人在一生中禁止摘除，否则必须获得许可。丹麦、法国、瑞典、意大利和以色列都通过了这样的法律）可知D选项“在一些国家，这些法律规定，除非个人在一生中拒绝摘除，否则摘除器官的许可是理所当然的”正确。通过排除法排除A、B、D，因此选C。2.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的It has been suggested that there should be a widespread campaign to encourage persons to provide in their wills that their organs be used for transpla