.大学本科生毕业设计论文外文翻译学 院： 专 业： 学 生： 指导 完成日期： 20XX5月 30日 .Integrated circuit IntroducionIntegrated circuit also called microelectronic circuit or chip an assembly of electronic components, fabricated as a single unit, in which miniaturized active devices and passive devices and their interconnections are built up on a thin substrate of semiconductor material . The resulting circuit is thus a small monolithic chip, which may be as small as a few square centimetres or only a few square millimetres. The individual circuit components are generally microscopic in size.Integrated circuits have their origin in the invention of the transistor in 1947 by William B. Shockley and his team at the American Telephone and Telegraph Companys Bell Laboratories. Shockleys team found that, under the right circumstances, electrons would form a barrier at the surface of certain crystals, and they learned to control the flow of electricity through the crystal by manipulating this barrier. Controlling electron flow through a crystal allowed the team to create a device that could perform certain electrical operations, such as signal amplification, that were previously done by vacuum tubes. They named this device a transistor, from a combination of the words transfer and resistor . The study of methods of creating electronic devices using solid materials became known as solid-state electronics. Solid-state devices proved to be much sturdier, easier to work with, more reliable, much smaller, and less expensive than vacuum tubes. Using the same principles and materials, engineers soon learned to create other electrical components, such as resistors and capacitors. Now that electrical devices could be made so small, the largest part of a circuit was the awkward wiring between the devices. In 1958 Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments, Inc., and Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation independently thought of a way to reduce circuit size further. They laid very thin paths of metal directly on the same piece of material as their devices. These small paths acted as wires. With this technique an entire circuit could be integrated on a single piece of solid material and an integrated circuit thus created. ICs can contain hundreds of thousands of individual transistors on a single piece of material the size of a pea. Working with that many vacuum tubes would have been unrealistically awkward and expensive. The invention of the integrated circuit made technologies of the Information Age feasible. ICs are now used extensively in all walks of life, from cars to toasters to amusement park rides.Basic IC types Analog versus digital circuitsAnalog, or linear, circuits typically use only a few components and are thus some of the simplest types of ICs. Generally, analog circuits are connected to devices that collect signals from the environment or send signals back to the environment. For example, a microphone converts fluctuating vocal sounds into an electrical signal of varying voltage. An analog circuit then modifies the signal in some useful waysuch as amplifying it or filtering it of undesirable noise. Such a signal might then be fed back to a loudspeaker, which would reproduce the tones originally picked up by the microphone. Another typical use for an analog circuit is to control some device in response to continual changes in the environment. For example, a temperature sensor sends a varying signal to a thermostat, which can be programmed to turn an air conditioner, heater, or oven on and off once the signal has reached a certain value.A digital circuit, on the other hand, is designed to accept only voltages of specific given values. A circuit that uses only two states is known as a binary circuit. Circuit design with binary quantities, on and off representing 1 and 0 , uses the logic of Boolean algebra. The three basic logic functionsNOT, AND, and ORtogether with their truth tables are given in the figure. These basic elements are combined in the design of ICs for digital computers and associated devices to perform the desired functions.Microprocessor circuitsMicroprocessors are the most complicated ICs. They are composed of millions of transistors that have been configured as thousands of individual digital circuits, each of which performs some specific logic function. A microprocessor is built entirely of these logic circuits synchronized to each other. Just like a marching band, the circuits perform their logic function only on direction by the bandmaster. The bandmaster in a microprocessor, so to speak, is called the clock. The clock is a signal that quickly alternates