2019 专八真题听力练习 Body language and mindGood morning, everyone. In today s lecture, I d like to focus on how our body language reveals who we are. Were really fascinated with body language, and particularly interested in other people s body language. You know, were sometiminterested in an awkward interaction, or a smile, or a contemptuous glance, or maybe very awkward wink, or handshake.So what kind of body language am I talking about? I am interested in 1 that is the nonverbal expressions of power and dominance.And what are nonverbal expressions of power and dominance? Well, this is what they are. In the animal kingdom, nonverbal expressions of power and dominance are about 2. So you make yourself big, you stretch out, you take up space and you arebasically opening up. And and humans do the same thing. So they do this when they re feeling powerful in the moment. And this one is especially interesting because it really shows us how universal and old these expressions of power are. For example, when athletes cross the finish line and theyve won, it doesn t matter if theyveseen anyone do it. They do this. So the arms are up in the V sign, the chin is slightly lifted. But what do we do when we feel powerless? We do exactly the opposite.3. We make ou rselves small. We donwant to bumpinto the person next to us. And this is what happens when you put together high and low power. So what we tend to do when it comes to power is that we complement the other s nonverbals. What I mena is if someone is being really powerful with us, we tend to 4. We don 5t .We do the opposite.I mwatching this behavior in the classroom, and guess what I have noticed. I notice that MBA students really exhibit the full range of power nonverbals. They get right into the middle of the room before class even starts, like they really want to 6. When they sit down, they7r_e_s_o_rt_o_f. Theyraise their hands high. You have other people who are virtually collapsing when they come in. as soon as they, I mean other people, come in, you see it. You see it on their faces and their bodies, and they sit in their chair and they make themselves 8, and they will not fully stretch their arms when they raise their hands. Ialso notice another interesting thing about his. It seems women are much more likely to do this kind of thing than men. I mean women are more likely to make themselves small. Women feel chronically 习惯性地 _9 than men, so this isnot surprising.The second question concerns our minds. We know that our minds change our bodies. But is it also true that 10?And when I say minds, in the case of the powerful, what do I mean? I m talking about thoughts and feelings and the sort of physiological 生理学上的 things that make up our thoughts and feelings, and in my case, thats hormones. I look at hormones. Sowhat do the minds of the powerful versus the powerless look like? Powerful people tend to be, not surprisingly, 11.They actually feel that theyre going to win even at games of chance. They also tendto be able to think more abstractly. They take more risks. So there are a lot ofdiffere nces betwee n powerful and powerless people. Physiologically, there also are differe nces on two key horm on es: one is dominance horm one, and the other is stress horm one. What we find is that powerful and effective leaders have high dominance horm one and low stress horm one. What does that mean? That means power is also about 12.Once we did an experiment. We decided to bring people into the lab and run that little experime nt. These people adopted, for two minu tes, either 13or 14. We,for two minutes, say, “ Youneed to do this or this. And we also want them to be feeling power. So after two minutes we will askthem “ Ho powerful do you feel?”on a series of items, and the n we 15.Before and after the experime nt, we take their sample of saliva for a horm one test. That s the whole experiment.And this is what we have found 16, which is17 . What we find is that when you re18 , 86 perce nt of you will gamble.When you re9, it s down to only60 percent, and that as pretty significant differenee. Here svhat we find on 20. From their baseline when they come in,high-power people experie nee about a 20perce nt in crease, and low-power peopleexperie nee about a 10-perce nt decrease.So aga in, two minu tes, and you get thesecha nges. Concerning 21, high-power peopleexperie nee about a 25-perce nt decrease, and the low power people experie nee about a 15 perce nt in crease. Once aga in, two minu tes lead to these horm onal cha nges that eon figure your brain to basically be either assertive, eon fide nt or -really stress-reactive, and, you know, feeling sort of shut down. And we veall had that feeli ng, right? So it seems that our non verbals do gover n how we think and feel about ourselves. Also, our bodies cha nge our min ds. So, power pos ing for a few minu