FundamentalsofMaterialsScience材料科学基础名词与术语第一章绪论metal:金属ceramic:陶瓷polymer:聚合物Composites:复合材料Semiconductors:半导体Biomaterials:生物材料Processing:加工过程Structure:组织结构Properties:性质Performance:使用性能Mechanicalproperties:台p能力学性Electricalproperties:电性能Thermalbehavior:热性能Magneticproperties:磁性能Opticalproperties:光性能Deteriorativecharacteristics:老化特性第二章原子结构与原子键Atomicmassunit(amu):原子质量单位Atomicnumber:原子数Atomicweight:原子量Bohratomicmodel:波尔原子模型Bondingenergy:键能Coulombicforce:库仑力Covalentbond:共价键Dipole(electric):偶极子electronicconfiguration:电子构型electronstate:电位Electronegative:负电的Electropositive:正电的Groundstate:基态Hydrogenbond:氢键Ionicbond:离子键Isotope:同位素Metallicbond:金属键Mole:摩尔Molecule:分子Pauliexclusionprinciple:泡利不相容原理Periodictable:元素周期表Polarmolecule:极性分子Primarybonding:强键Quantummechanics:量子力学Quantumnumber:量子数Secondarybonding:弱键valenceelectron:价电子vanderwaalsbond:范德华键Wave-mechanicalmodel:波粒二象性模型第三章金属与陶瓷的结构面心立方结构Allotropy:同素异形现象Amorphous:无定形Anion:阴离子Anisotropy:各向异性atomicpackingfactor(APF):原子堆积因数body-centeredcubic(BCC):体心立方结构Braggslaw:布拉格定律Cation:阳离子coordinationnumber:配位数crystalstructure:晶体结构crystalsystem:晶系crystalline:晶体的diffraction:衍射face-centeredcubic(FCC):第五章晶体缺陷Alloy:合金Ametallicsubstancethatiscomposedoftwoormoreelements.由两种及以上元素组成的金属材料。Weightpercent(wt%)：质量百分数Concentrationspecificationonthebasisofweight(ormass)ofaparticularelementrelativetothetotalalloyweight(ormass).Stoichiometry:正常价化合物Forioniccompounds,thestateofhavingexactlytheratioofcationstoanionsspeci-fiedbythechemicalformula.在离子化合物中，正、负离子的比例严格遵守化学公式定义的化合价关系。Imperfection:缺陷，不完整性Adeviationfromperfection;normallyappliedtocrystallinematerialswhereinthereisadeviationfromatomic/molecularorderand/orcontinuity.对完美性的偏离，在材料科学领域中通常指晶体材料中原子/分子在排列顺序/连续性上的偏离。Pointdefect:点缺陷Acrystallinedefectassociatedwithoneor,atmost,severalatomicsites.一种仅波及一个或数个原子的晶体缺陷。Vacancy:空位Anormallyoccupiedlatticesitefromwhichanatomorionismissing.一个缺失原子或离子的晶格节点位置。Vacancydiffusion:空位扩散Thediffusionmechanismwhereinnetatomicmigrationisfromlatticesitetoanadjacentvacancy.一种扩散机制，此时原子的净迁移是从晶格节点位置迁移到相近的空位中。Self-interstitial:自间隙原子Ahostatomorionthatispositionedonaninterstitiallatticesite.处于自身晶格间隙中的原子或离子。Schottkydefect:肖脱基缺陷Inanionicsolid,adefectconsistingofacation-vacancyandanion-vacancypair.在离子晶体中的一种缺陷结构，它是由一个阳离子空位和一个阴离子空位组成的空位对。Atomicvibration:原子振动Thevibrationofanatomaboutitsnormalpositioninasubstance.材料中原子在其平衡位置附近的振动。一般说来，这种振动与温度相关，温度越高，振动的幅度越大，因此也称为原子热振动。Substitutionalsolidsolution:置换固溶体Asolidsolutionwhereinthesoluteatomsreplaceorsubstituteforthehostatoms.溶质原子取代或代替溶剂原子而形成的固溶体。Interstitialdiffusion:间隙扩散Adiffusionmechanismwherebyatomicmotionisfrominterstitialsitetointerstitialsite.一种扩散机制，此时原子的运动是从晶格间隙位置迁移到另一个相近的间隙位置。Interstitialsolidsolution:间隙固溶体Asolidsolutionwhereinrelativelysmallsoluteatomsoccupyinterstitialpositionsbetweenthesolventorhostatoms.相对尺寸较小的溶质原子占据溶剂或晶格原子之间间隙位置所形成的固溶体。Solidsolution:固溶体Ahomogeneouscrystallinephasethatcontainstwoormorechemicalspecies.Bothsubstitutionalandinterstitialsolidsolutionsarepossible.包含两种或两种以上元素的均匀单相。固溶体可以以置换固溶体或间隙固溶体的形式存在。Solid-solutionstrengthening:固溶体强化Hardeningandstrengtheningofmetalsthatresultfromalloyinginwhichasolidsolutionisformed.The presence of impurity atoms restrictsdislocationDislocation:位错mobility.由于形成固溶体的合金化过程引起的金属硬化和强化，其机制是异类原子的存在限制了位错的可动性。Solute:溶质Onecomponentorelementofasolutionpresentinaminorconcentration.Itisdissolvedinthesolvent.溶液(固溶体)中，含量较少的组元或元素。溶质溶解在溶剂中。Solutionheattreatment:固溶处理，均匀化退火Theprocessusedtoformasolidsolutionbydissolvingprecipitateparticles.Often,thesolidsolutionissupersaturatedandmetastableatambientconditionsasaresultofrapidcoolingfromanelevatedtemperature.让沉淀物融解而形成固溶体的热处理过程。通常情况下，从固溶处理温度下快速冷却，形成室温下亚稳态过饱和固溶体。Solvent:溶剂Thecomponentofasolutionpresentinthegreatestamount.Itisthecomponentthatdissolvesasolute.溶液(固溶体)中，含量最大的组元，此组元溶解了溶质。Burgersvector(b):柏氏矢量Avectorthatdenotesthemagnitudeanddirectionoflatticedistortionassociatedwithadislocation.表示位错引起晶格畸变程度和方向的矢量。Composition(Ci):成分，组成Therelativecontentofaparticularelementorconstituent(i)withinanalloy,usuallyexpressedinweightpercentoratompercent.合金中某一元素或组分的相对含量，通常用质量百分数或原子百分数来表示。Defectstructure:缺陷结构，缺陷组态Relatingtothekindsandconcentrationsofvacanciesandinterstitialsinaceramiccompound.在陶瓷化合物中，与空位、间隙原子的类型和偏聚有关的缺陷Alinearcrystallinedefectaroundwhichthereisatomicmisalignment.晶体材料中的线状缺陷，在其附近，原子发生错排。Plasticdeformationcorrespondstothemotionofdislocationsinresponsetoanappliedshearstress.Edge,screw,andmixeddislocationsarepossible.在外加切应力作用下位错的运动可以导致晶体材料的塑性变形。可能存在的位错类型有刃型位错、螺型位错和混合型位错。Screwdislocation:螺型位错Alinearcrystallinedefectassociatedwiththelatticedistortioncreatedwhennormallyparallelplanesarejoinedtogethertoformahelicalramp.TheBurgersvectorisparalleltothedislocationline.一种一维线型晶体缺陷，形态上可是描述为当相互平行的相邻晶面之间依次