4*5=20 分1. What are the stagesof life cycle of product? Provide a short description for each of them. Chapter1P41. product developmen:t development &research (D&R )costs mount2. Pre-introduction :marketing planning is involved, especiallypromotion costs mount3. introduction -distribution/price strategyAn initial low pricing policy to get into the market, though with little competition, price may be high initially to recoup development costs. Selection of a distribution model to get the product onto the market.4. growth-sales revenues outnumber costsThe growth stage is typically characterized by a strong growth in sales and profits.5. maturity 成熟 -competition is getting fierce, and profits level off. This is probably the most competitive time for most products and businesses need to invest wisely in any marketing they undertake.6. decline-sales /prices/profits drop; consumers are seeking for new productsEventually, the market for a product will start to shrink.2. What difficulties did Wal-Mart encounter 遇到 when it tried to expand Chinesemarket, and how did Wal-Mart solves these problems according what you have learned in this semester? Chapter3 P50Regionalism:Wal-Mart have difficult in interprovincial transportation and distribution of the products they cover.How :Wal-Mart encourages suppliers that sell nationwide to use the distrubution center and offers back-haul services from their local marketplaces.use distribution centres and back-haul trucks.Nontariff Trade Barrier :government efforts to keep Chinese products on, and imported products off shelves.How: Chinese customers are still interested in trying new, imported goods. Financial Matters:Regional fragmentation of finance regulation, tax laws, and other institution has effect on the payment side of the supply chain.How: Wal-Mart has worked with the Chinese government to set up a holding company to consolidate joint venture distribution and finance.Inefficient LTL & Private, Nationwide Parcel Delivery :The choice of service providers is limited, and tracking, pickup, and delivery are unreliable.How: Chinese state-owned transport firms and foreign freight or parcel companies have recently been established.3. List at least five international market entry strategies, and provide a short description for each of them. Chapter2 P37 Exporting ： Sell products /goods/visible commodities to the buyers fromdomestic markets to oversea marketsAgency： A global company grants an organization ( called as an agent )to sell its productsFranchising: Franchising is the practice of the right to use a firms successful business model and brand for a prescribed period of time. For the franchiser, the franchise is an alternative to building chain stores to distribute goods that avoids the investments and liability of a chain.Contract Manufacturing :A contract manufacturer (CM) is a manufacturer that contracts with a firm for components or products. It is a form of outsourcing.Management contracting: A managementcontract is an arrangement under which operational control of an enterprise is vested by contract in a separate enterprise that performs the necessary managerial functions in return for a fee.Original Equipment Manufacture (0EM):Original equipment manufacturer (OEM) is a term used when one company makes a part or subsystem that is used in another companys end product.FDI4. Make a comparison among absolute quo绝(对配额) /tariff-rate quotas(关税配额)/voluntary export restraints (VERs 自愿出口限制)absolute quotaT: o impose a maximum amount on the quantity or amount of imports of certain commodities for a specified period of time. tariff-rate quotas:The importing country sets a quantitative limit on the quantity of imported goods, and applies a higher or general tax rate to the goods imported after exceeding the limitVoluntary export restriction:is an action unilaterally taken and implemented by the exporting country. It is called voluntary and means that the exporting country has the formal right to cancel or modify the restrictive measures.5. Why do marketeerswant to expand overseasmarkets, carrying an established product? Chapter7 P122Saturation: the home market has peaked and is now saturatedwith your product.Declining interes：tForeign demand： receiving an unsolicited demand from a foreign buyer. Share enlargemen: tflush with cash or energized with curiosity,they wish to increase their sales by increasing their exposure.CompetitionExchange value:the value of national currencies can fluctuate wildly, often with deleterious effects on domestic companies.when production cost rise and domestic buying power declines, the marketeer have no choice but tolook offshore for customers.Preproduction penetration: prior to setting up full scale offshore production, a company will sell to the targeted market as a way of testing demand , observing price elasticity, or educating the population about a product.Govern