语言与文化复习资料答案1120BBBBABDCAC2125AAAACI.110DDDBADCBCCII.1.CD2.AD3.CD4.ABD5.ABCDIII.110FTFTFFTTFT1120FTTFFTFTTF2125TFTTTIV1.accenting2.Hypotactic3.Afteryou4.contact5.Excuseme6.hypotactic7.Itsmypleasure8.environmentalism9.Paratactic10.Chronemics11.softeningwords12.nuclearV.culture:文化.Cultureistheuniquestyleandcustom,whichanationformsinthehistoryofitsowndevelopment.2. communication:交际.Communicationmaybedefinedasthatwhichhappenswheneversomeonerespondstothebehaviorortheresidueofthebehaviorofanotherperson.3.one-waycommunication:单向交际.Communicationwithoutfeedbackiscalledone-waycommunication.communicativecompetence交际能力Theabilitytobehaveappropriatelyandeffectivelybyverbaland/ornonverbalmeanstoachieveintendedresultsatagiventime,inagiveplace,inagivencommunicationevent,andtowardsagivenpersonorpersons.4. tips:小费Theword“tipsis”theabbreviationofthephrase“toinsureprompt5. ”service”vocalics:副语言Vocalicsisalsocalledparalanguage,itisthestudyofthenonverbalelementsofthevoice.6. ethnocentrism:民族中心主义.Ethnocentrismisakindofpsychologicaltrend,thatistointerpretortojudgeallothergroups,theirenvironmentsandtheircommunicationaccordingtothecategoriesandvaluesofourownculture.7. privacy:免受不受欢迎的侵扰的自由，私事权freedomfromundesirableintrusionschurchsale:Saleofthingsdonatedbyfollowersofareligioninthechurch.在教堂里廉价出售教徒捐赠的东西。smalltalk:WhentwostrangersareintroducedtoeachotherintheU.S.orU.K.,theyusuallystartwhatiscalledsmalltalksoastomakethecommunicationcangoonsmoothly,thatistokeeptheballrolling.闲聊，小谈culturalcommunicationinformation交际文化Culturalcommunicationinformationreferstotheknowledgethatisnecessaryforsuccessfulinterculturalcommunication.non-contactculture非接触文化Somepeoplessuchasnativespeakersfeelmorecomfortablewhencommunicatingwithothersatagreaterdistance,suchacultureiscallednon-contactculture.VI.1. WhatarethedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishcompliments?.InEnglishpeopleexchangecomplimentseachother:fathertoson,husbandtowife,friendtofriend,etc.ButthereareculturaldifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese.Firstlyculturaldifferencesexistinwhocanbecomplimented.InEnglishspeakingcountriesonecanpraisemembersofonesownfamily.Awomancantalkabouthowhardherhusbandworksandhowwellhehasdoneinhiscareer,andshemightdothesameabouthowwellherchildrendoatschool.ButChinesepeopledonotpraisemembersoftheirownfamilies.Theyconsideritbadtaste.Secondly,culturaldifferencesexistinwhatcanbecomplimented.ItisquitecommonforamaleEnglishspeakertocomplimentfemalesontheirgoodlooks,whileitisalmostatabooinChineseculture.2. WhatistheruleofintroductionintheUnitedStates?InEnglishculturethegeneralruleistointroduceayoungpersontoanolderone,amantoawoman,aninferiortoasuperior,theguesttothehost,anindividualtoagroup.Andbesuretomentionfirstthenameofthepersonwewishtohonor.Whenintroducingamanandawoman,mentionthewomansnamefirstunlessthemanismucholderthanthewomanorveryfamous.Whenintroducingtwomalesortwofemales,puttheolderpersonsnamefirst.Whenpeopleareintroduced,peoplenormallyshakehandsinformalorbusinesssituations.Inthisoccasion,menusuallytakeofftheirglovesbeforeshakinghands,butwomendonothaveto.Whenamanandawomanaretoshakehands,itisthewomanwhoextendsherhandfirst.3. CompareChineseandEnglishthanks.Differenceslieinwhattothankfor.Englishspeakersthankothersformanyreasonsandonmanyoccasionssuchasborrowingapencil,askingfordirections,requestingsomeonetopassonamessage,receivingmailsforothers,callingapersontothephoneandsoonandsoforth,andthisseemstobeunnecessaryandsometimesevenhypocriticaltomanyChinesepeople.Ontheotherhand,theChinesepeopletendtothanktheonewhohasdonethemamajorfavorseveraltimes,thismayseemexcessive,emptyorinsinceretoEnglishspeakersandthereforemakethemuncomfortable.Differencesalsolieinwhomtothank.InEnglishcultureamalethankshiswife,afemalethankhehusband,afatherthankshissonandclosefriendsthankeachotherforhavingdoneanything.Thatisbecausepeoplearetreatedasindividualsandthekindnesstheyhaveshowninwhatevermayshouldbappreciatedexplicitly.ButinChina,mostofthepoliteexpressionsarereservedforstrangerandcasuafriends.Familymembersandclosefriendsneverthankeachother,fortheChineseattitudeisthattheappreciationisunderstoodandneednotbeexpressedamongclosefriendsandfamilymembers.However,thisattitudemaybetakenforrudenessorlackofconsiderationbyEnglishspeakers.4. Whatarethecross-culturaldifferencesbetweenEnglishcultureandChinesecultureyoufindinlaughingandsmiling?ForanEnglishspeaker,laughingwhenothershavetroublesareveryimpoliteandoffensive.ButthismaynotbethecaseinChineseculture;NativespeakersofEnglish,especially,Americans,tendtosmileeventostrangerstoshowfriendliness.Evenagirlmaysmiletoamalestrangerfornoreasonotherthanshowingfriendliness.Incontrast,Chinesespeakingpersonswouldnotsmiletostrangerswithoutareasonfordoingso.Iffemalesdosowithoutanyreasontheymightbeviewedasfrivolous;inEnglishcultureoneisexpectedtotreatcriticismsseriouslyandthisshouldnotsmilewhencriticized.ButinChina,whencriticized,onemightsmiletoshowpolitenessort