新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总1IntroductionWhatislinguistics?Scientificstudyoflanguage.Interpretationtrytoanswerthebasicquestionsandprobeintovariousproblemsrelatedtolanguage;linguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguagebutlanguageingeneral;scientificstudybecausebasedonsystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata.ThescopeoflinguisticsThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistic.phoneticsStudythesoundsusedinlinguisticstudyphonologyHowsoundsputtogetherandconveymeaningmorphologyThewaysymbolsrepresentingsoundsarearrangedandcombinedtoformwordssyntaxRulesgoverningthecombinationofwordssemanticsThestudyofmeaningpragmaticsStudythemeaningincontextAbovearemajororcorebranchesoflinguistics;Followingarelinguisticslinkwithotherdisciplines.sociolinguisticslanguageandsocietypsycholinguisticsHowinfantacquiremothertongue,processinformation(languageandbrain)AppliedlinguisticsAppliedtotherecoveryoflanguage,languageacquisitionSomeimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsprescriptivedescriptiveAimstolaydownrulesfor“correct&standard”Describeandanalyzethelanguageactuallyuse(modernlinguistsbelievethatwhateveroccursinthelanguagepeopleuseshouldbedescribedandanalyzed)synchronicdiachronicThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeThedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeModernlinguisticsaremostsynchronic:CDDifficulttodescribethechangesthathavetakenplaceinitshistoricaldevelopment;Synchronicdescriptionareoftenthoughtofasbeingdescriptionsofalanguageinitscurrentexistence.speechwritingSpeechispriortowriting:writingsystemisalways“invented”bytheuserstorecordthespeechwhentheneedarises;speechplaysagreaterroleintermsofamountofconveyinginformation;speechisalwaysthewaynativespeakeracquiretheirmothertonguewhilewritingislearnandtaughtinschool;spokenlanguagerevealsmorefeatureofhumanspeech,whichisauthenticwhilewrittenlanguageisonlytherevisedrecordofspeech.Langue语言Parole言语Abstractlinguisticsystem;RelativelystableTherealizationoflanguageinactualuse;Concrete;Varyfrompersontoperson&situationtosituationProposedbySwisslinguistSaussureintheearly20thcentury:paroleisamassoflinguisticfacts,toabstractlanguefromparole.competenceperformanceTheidealusersknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageTheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.proposedbyAmericanlinguist,SimilartoSaussure,whatlinguistsshouldstudyistheidealspeakerscompetence,nottheperformance.Difference:Saussuretooksociologicalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflangueisamatterofsocialconvention;whileChomskylooksatpsychologicalpointandtohimcompetenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.TraditionalgrammarModernlinguisticsPrescriptive;writtenlanguageisprimary;ForcelanguageintoaLatin-basedframework;Descriptive;Spokenlanguageisprimary;TryingtosetupauniversalframeworkModernlinguisticsbeginfromthepublicationofSassuresbookcourseingenerallinguisticsWhatislanguageDefinitionsoflanguageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Characteristics:to theA roselanguageissystem,elementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingrules;languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatitstandsfor,byanyothernamewouldsmellaswell;languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumforalllanguageissound;languageishuman-specific,differentfromanimalcommunication.DesignfeaturesoflanguageProposedbyAmericanlinguistCharlesHockett:comparingtheanimal&humancommunicationarefivemajordesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage:arbitrarinessNologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningandsounds(exceptonomatopoeticandcompoundwords)productivityItmakestopossibletoconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalbyitsusers.dualityLanguageisasystemwhichconsistsoftwostructures.Atthelowerlevelthereisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaninglessbythesoundscangroupedorregroupedtogetherintoalargernumbersofunitsofmeaningsuchasmorphemeorwords,whicharefoundatthehigherlevelofsystem(carp&park).Thenthehigherlevelcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumbersofsentences;DisplacementLanguagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeakers;culturaltransmissionWhilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,thedetailsofanylanguagesystemsarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearned.(languageisculturaltransmittedlanguagenotmutuallyintelligiblewhileanimalcallsystemisgeneticallytransmitted)FunctionsoflanguageThreemainfunctionsoflanguagewhichdistinctfromeachotherbutactuallyoverlappingtosomedegree:descriptivefunctionTheprimaryfunctionoflanguage;TheSichuanearthquakeisthemostseriousoneChinahaseversuffered. expressivefunctionSupplyinformationabouttheusersfeeling,preference,prejudicesandvalue,willnevercometothiscoffeeshopagain.socialfunctionServestoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.HowcanIhelpyou,Sir?Others:Russian-bornstructurallinguistRomanJakobson：sixelemens(function)