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定语从句(一)基本概念1.由一个句子作定语,修饰句中一个名词或代词,有时也可以修饰整个句子或句中的部分内容,这样的从句就是定语从句,被其修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。2.关系词分为两大类,即关系代词和关系副词,其作用一是引出一个定语从句,二是代替其所修饰的先行词,三是在句中充当某个句子成分。关系词的分类和基本用法表一分类指代引导词关系代词人who, whom, that, as事物which, that, as人或物(表所属关系)whose关系副词地点where时间when原因why表二 关系代词指代例句解释who人The man who helped you is Mr White.在定从中作主语whomThat is the person(whom/who/that) you want to see.在定从中作宾语,可省略whoseHe is the father whose son studies very well in our class.在定从中作定语thatIm not the fool that you thought me to be.在定从中作表语asHe is such a lazy man as nobody wants to work with.在定从中作宾语that事物The only thing that we can do is to give you some advice.在定从中作宾语whichA dictionary is a useful book which tells us the meaning of words在定从中作主语whoseHe lives in a room whose window faces south在定从中作定语asIt is such a big stone as nobody can lift.在定从中作宾语整句内容As is known to all, he is the best student.在定从中作主语表三 关系副词指代例句解释when时间Would you suggest a time when we can have a talk?在定从中作状语where地点The house where they live is not very large.在定从中作状语why原因This is the reason why he did not came to the meeting.在定从中作状语(二)定语从句的注意点本部分的内容比较复杂,为便于考生一目了然,我们试图用表格的形式呈现给考生。1.that与which, who, whom的用法区别情 况用法说明例 句只用that的情况先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时先行词既指人又指物时先行词被the only, the very修饰时句中已经有who或which时,为了避免重复时He told me everything that he knows.All the books that you offered has been given out.This is the best film that I have ever read.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.He is the only man that I want to see.Who is the man that is making a speech?只用which, who, whom的情况在非限制性定语从句中,只能用which指代物,用who/whom指人在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中,只能用which指物,whom指人。先行词本身是that时,关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.Those who respect others are usually respected by others.只用that,in which或不用关系词的情况the way做先行词时Mary,there is one way that you could stop others talking about you and criticizing you.I was struck by the beauty of the way in which she stood.What surprised me was not what he said but _ he said it.A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which2.as、which和that的区别从句区 别例 句限制性定语从句中名词前有such和the same修饰时,关系代词用as,不能用whichHe is not such a fool as he looks.Dont read such books as you cant understand. 非限制性定语从句中as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如,象”的含义,并可以放在主句前,也可以放在后面,那么用as;而which引导的从句只能放主句后,并无“正如”的意思。They won the game, as we had expected.They won the game, which we hadnt expected.As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.the same. as和the same .thatthe same. as指同类事物the same .that 指原物Thats the same tool as I used last week.(同类工具,不是同一把)Thats the same tool that I used last week.那就是我上周用过的工具。3. where、when与why引导的定语从句关系副词用 法例 句where关系副词where引导定语从句时,只能在定语从句中作地点状语,其修饰的名词必须是表示(具体或抽象的)地点的名词。Were just trying to teach a point_both sides will sit down together and talk.A. where B. that C. when D. whichwhen关系副词 when引导定语从句时, 只能在定语从句中作时间状语,其修饰的名词必须是表示时间的名词。There was _time _I hated to go to school.A. a; that B. a; when C. the; that D. the ; whenwhy关系副词why引导定语从句时,只能在定语从句中作原因状语,其修饰的名词必须是表示原因的名词。Do you know the reason why she was put into prison ? 你知道她坐牢的原因吗?4.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句当关系代词作介词宾语,且该介词不是和从句的谓语动词构成固定短语时,介词可以提前,这样就出现“介词+关系代词”。先行词指物,用“介词+which/whose”,指人则用“介词+whom/whose”, 且两个关系代词均不能省略。介词的选择要遵循两个原则:原则内 容例 句原则一根据定语从句中谓语动词与先行词的搭配内容而定I saw a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was,she had run back in the direction_she had come.A.of which B.by which C.in which D.from which解析此题考查由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句,根据句意用from which表示“所来的那个方向”,故答案选D原则二根据先行词而定There are two buildings , _ stands nearly a hundred feet high.A. the larger B. the larger of them C. the larger one that D. the larger of which解析 the larger of which指代the larger of the two buildings ,which 在定语从句中指代 building,作介词of的宾语,故答案为D。5.定语从句与先行词被分割开来的现象定语从句一般紧接被它所修饰的先行词;但有时候它和先行词之间有可能插入其他成分,使它与先行词分隔开来,这种定语从句叫作被分隔的定语从句,在阅读文章时会经常遇到这种情况,在阅读是要注意识别先行词的修饰对象。现 象例 句在定语从句加中插入语,常见的有:I think ,I suppose ,I guess ,I imagine等。辨别的方法是:去掉插入语后,原句句法结构仍然完整。-Is that the small town you often refer to? - Right, just the one _ you know I used to work for years. A.that B. which C.where D.what解析 work是不及物动词,先行词one在定语从句中只能作地点状语,You know 在句中作插入语,所以答案选C 。He made another wonderful discovery ,_of importance to science .A.which I think is B. which I think it is C. which I think it D. I think is解析这里I think 是插入语,which 引导非限制性定语从句,故选A。在先行词
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