外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)英文原文EXTENDING BEARING LIFEAbstractNature works hard to destroy bearings, but their chances of survival can be improved by following a few simple guidelines. Extreme neglect in a bearing leads to overheating and possibly seizure or, at worst, an explosion. But even a failed bearing leaves clues as to what went wrong. After a little detective work, action can be taken to avoid a repeat performance.Keywords: bearings failures lifeThere are many causes of bearing failure, but common ones are improper use, contamination, improper use of lubricants, damage during installation or handling, and mounting errors. It is not difficult to diagnose the cause of the failure because the traces left on the bearings can determine the cause of the bearing failure.However, when post-hoc investigations provide valuable information, it is best to avoid failures completely by properly selecting the bearings first. In order to do this, it is important to review the manufacturers dimensional positioning guidelines and the usecharacteristics of the selected bearings.1 Cause of bearing failureAbout 40% of ball bearing failures are caused by dust, dirt, debris, and corrosion. Contamination is usually caused by incorrect use and poor use of the environment. It also causes problems with torque and noise. Bearing failures caused by the environment and contamination are preventable, and simple visual inspection can determine the cause of such failures.Through post-failure analysis, you can find out what aspects of bearings that have failed or are about to fail should be viewed. Understanding the mechanisms of failure such as erosion and fatigue failure can help eliminate the root cause of the problem.As long as it is used and installed properly, erosion of the bearing is easily avoided. Erosion is characterized by the presence of indentations on the raceways of the bearing ring caused by impact loads or incorrect installation. Erosion usually occurs when the load exceeds the yield limit of the material. If the installation is incorrect so that a load traversing the bearing ring can also produce erosion. The pits on the bearing rings also produce noise, vibration and additional torque.A similar defect is the elliptical indentation that occurs when the bearing does not rotate due to the ball oscillating between the bearing rings. This kind of damage is called low erosion. This type of damageoccurs in both the equipment in transit and the equipment that is still vibrating when not in use. In addition, the debris generated by low-frequency chattering act like abrasive particles and further damage the bearing. Unlike denudation, low charge erosion is often characterized by fretting corrosion that produces a reddish color in the lubricant.Eliminating the source of vibration and maintaining good bearing lubrication can prevent low load chatter. Isolating the device or isolating the base can reduce the vibration of the environment. In addition, adding a small preload on the bearing not only helps the ball and the bearing ring to maintain close contact, but also helps to prevent the low load eroding generated during the transportation of the equipment.Causes of bearing seizures are due to lack of internal clearance, improper lubrication and excessive loads. Before it gets stuck, excessive friction and heat soften the bearing steel. Overheated bearings usually change color and generally turn blue-black or yellowish. Friction also forces the cage, which can damage the support frame and accelerate bearing failure.Premature fatigue failure of materials is caused by excessive preload after heavy load. If these conditions are unavoidable, the bearing life should be carefully calculated to develop a maintenance plan.Another solution is to change the material. If standard bearing materials do not guarantee adequate bearing life, special materials shouldbe used. In addition, if this problem is caused by excessive loads, bearings with stronger load carrying capacity or other structures should be used.Creep is not as common as premature fatigue. The creep of the bearing is caused by the excessive clearance between the shaft and the inner ring. The harm caused by creep is very large. It not only damages the bearings but also destroys other parts.The obvious features of peristaltic motion are scratches, scratches, or changes in the color of the shaft and the inner ring. In order to prevent creep, the components of the bearing housing and the shaft should be visually inspected first.Creep is related to improper installation. If the bearing ring is not correct or tilted, the ball will move along a non-circular orbit. This problem is caused by incorrect installation or incorrect tolerances or insufficient verticality at the bearing installation site. If the deflection is more than 0.25 ,