EnglishGrammarCoursewareforDistanceEducationCATALOGUE目录FundamentalsofEnglishGrammarComplexpresencepatternsTheApplicationofEnglishGrammarinWritingTheApplicationofEnglishGrammarinOralEnglishCATALOGUE目录TheapplicationofEnglishgrammarinreadingcomprehensionTheApplicationofEnglishGrammarinListeningComprehension01FundamentalsofEnglishGrammarNounAnounisaperson,place,thing,orideaForexample,cat,dog,city,table,andhappinessareallnounsObjectiveAnobjectiveisawordthatmodifiesanounForexample,red,big,happy,andbeautifulareallobjectivesAdvancedAnadvocateisawordthatmodifiesaverb,objective,oranotheradvocateForexample,quickly,happily,very,andextremelyarealladvertisementsVerbAverbisanactionwordorastateofbeingForexample,run,jump,exist,andsleepareallverbsPartofSpeechSimplepresenceAsimplepresencecontainsasubjectandapredicateForexample,Thecatsatonthemat.CompoundpresenceAcompoundpresencecontainstwoormoresimplesensesconnectedbyajunctionorasemiconductorForexample,Thecatsatonthemat;thedoglayonthefloor.ComplexpresenceAcomplexpresencecontainsadependentclauseandanindependentclauseForexample,Thecatthatwaschattingthemousesatonthemat.FragmentAfragmentisnotacompletepresenceItmaycontainasubject,apredicate,orbothForexample,Sittingonthemat.01020304SensestructureSenseSenseindicatesthetimeofanactionoreventThepresenttenseindicatesactionsoreventshappeningnow;Thepasttenseindicatesactionsoreventsthathavealreadyhappened;ThefuturetenseindicatesactionsoreventsthatwillhappeninthefutureVoiceVoiceindicateswhichactiondescribedbytheverbisbeingdonetothesubjectorbythesubjectTheactivevoiceindicatorsthatthesubjectisperformingtheaction(e.g.,ThecatwasChasedthemouse.),whilethepassivevoiceindicatorsthatthesubjectistherecipientoftheaction(e.g.,ThemousewasChasedbythecat.)TensesandVoices02Complexpresencepatternscomposedoftwoormoreindependentsentencesconnectedbyparallelconjunctions(suchasand,but,or,etc.).SummarywordCompoundsentencesareusuallyusedtoexpresstwoormoreinterrelatedorrelativelyindependentideas,allofwhicharegrammaticallycomplete.Commoncompoundsentencesincludesimplesentencesandcompoundsentences.DetaileddescriptionCompoundpresenceSummarywordAsentencethatservesasasubordinatepartofthemainsentence,modifyingorsupplementingthemainsentence.要点一要点二DetaileddescriptionSubordinatesentencesareusuallyguidedbyrelativepronouns(suchasthat,which,who,etc.)orrelativeadverbs(suchaswhen,where,why,etc.),formingasubordinaterelationshipwiththemainsentence.Subordinateclausescanbenounclauses,adjectiveclauses,oradverbialclauses.Subordinateclausesentencestructuresthatexpressassumptions,wishes,doubts,orsubjunctivemoods.SummarywordsThesubjunctivemoodisusedtoexpresssituationsthatarecontrarytofactsorimpossibletooccur,usuallyexpressedthroughthespecialformofverbs.InEnglish,subjunctivemoodisdividedintothreetenses:pastsubjunctivemood,presentsubjunctivemood,andfuturesubjunctivemood.DetaileddescriptionSubjunctivemood03TheApplicationofEnglishGrammarinWriting0102SubjectverbagreementThesubjectandverbshouldagreeinnumber(singularorplural)Forexample,Thecat(subject)is(verb)sittingonthemat.ArticleusageThearticlesa,an,andtheshouldbeusedcorrectlyForexample,Ihaveacat.PositionusagePositionsshouldbeusedcorrectlytoshowrelationshipsbetweenwordsForexample,Thecatissittingbelowthetable.SingularanSingularandpluralnounsshouldbeusedcorrectlyForexample,Thereisonecatonthemat.ConnectionusageConnectionsshouldbeusedcorrectlytolinkwordsorgroupsofwordsForexample,Thecatissittingonthematandhasaball.030405CommonGrammarErrorsinWriting0102ReadmoreReadingbooks,newspapers,andothermaterialscanhelpimprovegrammarandvocabularyWritemorePracticingwritingcanhelpimprovegrammarandwritingskillsUseadictionaryUsingadictionarycanhelpyouunderstandthemeaningsandusesofwordsPayattentiontodetailPayingattentiontodetailcanhelpyouavoidgrammarerrorsGetfeedbackGettingfeedbackfromteachersorpeerscanhelpyouidentifyandcorrectgrammarerrors030405TipsforimprovinggrammarlevelThecatsatonthemat,itspawscrossedtidily.Thecatslinkedunderthetable,itstailswishingbehindit.Thecatpouncedontheballofyarn,itseyessparkingwithdelight.ThecatcurledupontheSofa,itspurrrumblinginitschest.01020304ExcellentEnglishWritingExamples04TheApplicationofEnglishGrammarinOralEnglishSubjectverbagreementFailuretomatchthesubjectandverbcorrectly,suchasTheyareinstalledofTheyareArticlesmisuseIncorrectuseofa,an,andthePreliminaryphraseplacementPlacingpreliminaryphrasesinanincorrectposition,suchasItwashisthatIsawinsteadofItwasIthatsawhis.CommongrammarerrorsinspokelanguageMethodstoimprovetheaccuracyofspoongrammarRecordyourselfspeakingEnglishandthenreviewittoidentifycommongrammarerrorsRecordyourselfspeakingEngageinconversationwithnativeEnglishspeakerstoimproveyourpromotionandgrammarPracticespeakingwithnativespeakersReadingbooksandnewspaperscanhelpyoufamiliarizeyourselfwithproperEnglishgrammarandvocabularyReadbooksandnewspapersUsedtoexpressuncertaintyorignoranceIdontknowUsedtoexpressanopinionordiscussionIthinkUsedtoexpressdissatisfactionorjusticeItsnotfairCommonexpressionsinSpokenEnglish05TheapplicationofEnglishg