语言学总结1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. the father of linguistics: Ferdinand de Saussure3. the study of sounds used in linguistic communication led to the establishment of phonetics言学.4. are put together and used to convey meaning in comm uni cati on .related to5. the sounds used in linguistic communication are represented by symbols, i.e. morphemes. Thestudy of the way in which these symbols are arranged and combined to has6. the combination of to form grammatically permissible sentences in language isgoverned by rules. The study of these rules constitutes a major branch of linguistic studies7.8.9.branch called sociolinguistics.lO.psycholi nguistics 心理语言学 relates the study of lan guageto psychology. It aim to answerhow we memorize, ad how we process the information we receive in the course of communication.Il.applied linguistics:应用语言学:findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to thesolution of such practical problems as the recovery of speech ability. In narrow sense applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.12.if a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said todont say X). If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for ?correctand standard (people shouldnt say X).13. modern linguistics is mostly descriptive.14. study.15. study.16.in modern linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one.17. the distinction between langue and parole was made by the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure inthe early 20th century.18. the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speechrefers to the realization of language in actual use. http:/www.doczj.com/doc/78538de09b89680203d825d7.ht ml ngue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by, andparole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules.20.21. the distinction between competence and performance was made by22. Chomsky as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language,the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.23. Chomsky thinks that what linguists should study is the ideal speakers competence, not hisperformance. So the task of the linguists is to discover and specify the rules.24.competence is a property of the mind of each individual.25.the beginning of modern linguistics was marked by thepublication of F. de Saussures bookCourse in General Linguistics.http:/www.doczj.com/doc/78538de09b89680203d825d7.ht ml nguage is arbitrary. This means that there is no logical connection between meanings andsounds. E.g. book in English,书 in Chinese.(different sounds are used to refer to the same subject in different languages)27.while language is arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary. E.g. onomatopoetic wordsand some compound words.http:/www.doczj.com/doc/78538de09b89680203d825d7.ht ml nguage is culturally transmitted(.through teaching and learning rather than by instinct.),animal call systems are genetically transmitted(animal are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species).29. phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with allthe sounds that occur in the worlds languages.30. phonetics looks at speech sounds from three distinct but related point of view: articulatoryphonetics 发音语言学(it studies the sounds from the speakers point of view, i.e. how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.) ;auditory phonetics 听觉语言学 (it looks at the sounds from hearers point of view, i.e. how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.); acoustic phon etics声学语言 学(it studies the way sounds travel by look ing at the sound waves)31. the basic dist inct betwee n broad tra nscripti on(宽式标音能 够区别意义) and narrowtranscription (严氏标音不一定能区别意义，但是能够区别人类所有可能的发言，甚至音与音的区别）is diacritics附加符号.32.diphtho ngs: eiai?iau?u i?z?u?triphthongs: au? ai? ?i?e.g. hour, wire, lawyer.33. the speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all34. a phone does not necessarily distinguish meaning: some do, some dont.35. a phoneme 音位 is a phonological unit, is capable of distinguishing meaning; it is a unit that isof distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sou nd.它不是指任何语音。36. the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments arecalled the alloph ones 音位变体 of that phon eme.37. minimal pair: 最小对立对：指除了出现在同一位置上的一个 音之外其余都相同的两个语音组合。在音位分析中，只涉及一个音素差别的对立体叫 做最小对立体。如pill,bill,till,dill,kill。确定一种语言的音位的一个基本途径是， 看如果用一个语音代替另一个是否会产生不同的意义。如果产生了， 那么这两个语音就代表不同的音位/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/为音位。同样也 适用于元音，如: beat, bit, bet, bat, boot, but,bait, bite, boat./i:/ /I/