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First, 名词复数的特殊变化。 普通名词的复数我们知道是直接加-s或 -es,可是偏偏有一些名词不听话,变化不规则。这些小调皮是: a. class, box, watch, brush等词以 s, x, ch, sh, 结尾,复数要加-es; b. story, factory 等以辅音字母+y结尾的词复数要先将-y 变成-i再加-es; c. knife, wife, life等以-f 或-fe结尾的词一般先将-f或-fe变为-v, 再加-es; d. 以-o结尾的名词,一般来说,末尾是元音字母+o 的词加-s,我们学过的有radio,zoo。末尾是辅音字母+o的词,变复数加-es。如:tomato, hero, potato,当然其中的piano 和photo,又是一个例外,他们的结尾只能加-s。 e. child(children), foot(feet), tooth(teeth), mouse(mice), man(men ), woman(women )等词的复数变化全不遵循规则。 注意:与 man 和 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。如:an Englishman,two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词,故复数形式为 Germans;f. deer,sheep等词更是懒得可以,竟然单复数同形。好记好记。 people,police,cattle 等词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数,所以它们的谓语当然也是复数形式,这就是集体名词。the English,the French,the Chinese等名词表示国民总称时,也作复数用。 注意:maths,politics,physics等学科名词,虽然以-s结尾,仍为不可数名词。还有theUnited States(美国),the United Nations(联合国)等应视为单数。 别奇怪,名词有时也可以作定语的。它作定语时一般用单数,但也有以下例外。 a. man, woman等作定语时,它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如:menworkers, women teachers。 b. 数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式,中间加连字符。如:a ten-mile walk十里路,two-hundred trees 两百棵树。 名词所有格: 表示“的”通常是在名词的后面加-s,如:Childrens day,fathers shoes。但以-s结尾的名词因为已经有s了,只需加 就OK了。如果两个名词并列,并且分别有s,.则表示“分别有”。.如:Johns and Marys room(约翰和玛丽各有一间,共两间);两个名词并列,只有一个s,则表示共有。如:John and Marys room(约翰和玛丽共有一间)。还有些无生命名词的所属要用介词of来帮助一下,如:a map of China,the end of this term。 练习: 1. All the _teachers and_students are having a meeting there. A. women girls B. women girl C. womangirls D. womangirl 2. Mr Black is a friend of _. A. Jacks aunts B. Jacks aunt C. Jack aunts D. aunts of Jack 3. This toy was made by a _ boy. A. ten-year-old B. ten-years-old C. ten-year-older D.ten-years-older 4. The farmer raised ten _. A. sheeps B. deers C. horse D. cows 5. She looked at us sadly with her eyes as large as_. A. her grandmother B. her grandmothers C. her grandmothers D. that of her grandmother 6. We have moved into a _. A. two- storey house B. house of two storey C. two-storeys house D. two storeys house 7. The _ was too much for the child to carry. A. boxs steel B. box of a steel C. steel box D. box of the steel 8. Well give our English teacher a card for _. A. the Teachers Day B. Teachers Day C. a Teachers Day D. Teachers Day 9. Li Ping met an old friend of _on a train yesterday. A. he B. him C. his D. her 10. _are big and bright. A. The classroom window B. The window of the classroom C. The windows of the classroom D. The classrooms windows 第2讲:代词 代词。它与名词的作用其实很相似,所担当的句中成分也相差不多。代词中第一个“小个性”就是物主代词。像my和mine这两个小冤家总是让人分不清谁是谁。但你只要记住它们最重要的区别my的后面一定要接名词,不可以单独出现,只能做定语,如:my father;而 mine则是名词性,只能单独出现,在句中做主语和表语。如:Mine is green. Its mine. 记住这两个句子,凡是名词性物主代词(yours, hers, his, its, ours, theirs)就都可以放在mine的位置上了。这样,通过它们出现的位置不同,我们就可以把它们区别开了。 代词的第二个“罗嗦”就是它有一个小跟班self(selves)反身代词,也就是表示“自己、亲自”的意思。关于反身代词,需要注意的是她不能单独做主语,但可以放在人称代词后面,做同位语。如:Marry herself said so. 玛丽她自己这么说的。(不能说Herself said so.)下面我给你开点小灶,单独讲一讲须“特特”注意的地方。 Of+名词性物主代词:of +物主代词构成双重所有格。公式为:a(an, this, that )+名词+of +名词性物主代词。牢记公式,举一反三。因为物主代词不可与 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, no, each,every, such, another等词一起前置,修饰一个名词,而必须用双重所有格。如: a friend of mine(我的一个朋友),each brother of his(他的每一个兄弟). some, any的用法:我们都知道some用于肯定句中,而any则用于否定句和疑问句中。 所以somebody,someone也用于肯定句中,而anybody、anyone则用于否定和疑问句中。 注意:在Would youlike some coffee?(要来点咖啡吗?)这样的肯定疑问句中,说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的,或期望得到肯定回答时,用some而不用any。 every 和each的用法:every 强调全体的概念,指三个以上的人或物(含三个),不可单独使用;each强调个体概念。指两个以上的人或物 (含两个),可单独使用.。Every student in our school works hard.(我们学校的学生都很用功。) Each student may have one book. (每个学生都可有一本书。) both, either, neither的用法: both意为“两者全都”,与复数连用。either意为“两者中间的任何一个”,neither 表示“两者之间一个也不是”,与单数连用。如:Both of the them come from London。他们两人都是伦敦人。 You may take either with you。 两个中间你随便带哪个都行。 Neither is correct。 两个都不对。 Few,a few和little,a little的用法: Few,a few用来代替和修饰可数名词,little,a little用来代替和修饰不可数名词;a few和a little 着重肯定意思,相当于汉语“有几个”,“有一点儿”;few和little 着重否定意思,相当于汉语 “没有几个”,“没有多少” 练习: 1. We had plenty of paper but_ink. A. a few B. few C. not many D. not much 2. Learning a foreign language is especially difficult for those who have have never learned _before. A. one B. it C. them D. that 3. Were very busy because weve so _books to read and so _homework to do every day. A. much . many B. many . much C. many . a lot D. a lot . much 4. I thought _of the matter but still couldnt find out the reason. A. every B. both C. nothing D. everything 5. My car is not so expensive as _. A. him B. hes C. he D. his 6. Lily and Lucy have arrived,but _students arent here yet. A. other B. others C. the other D. the others 7. There are high buildings on _side of the street. A. both B. every C. any D.either 8. What do you usually have for breakfast? _eggs a
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