2022年考博英语-厦门大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题It is interesting to reflect for a moment upon the differences in the areas of moral feeling and standards in the peoples of Japan and the United States. The Americans divide these areas somewhat rigidly into spirit and flesh,the two being in opposition in the life of a human being. Ideally,spirit should prevail but all too often it is the flesh that does prevail. The Japanese make no such division, at least between one as good and the other as evil. They believe that a person has two souls,each necessary. One is the gentle soul, the other is the rough soul. Sometimes the person uses his gentle soul, sometimes he must use his rough soul. He does not favor his gentle soul,neither does he fight his rough soul. Human nature in itself is good,Japanese philosophers insist,and a human being does not need to fight any part of himself. He has only to learn how to use each soul properly at the appropriate times. Virtue for the Japanese consists in fulfilling ones obligations to others. Happy endings,either in life or in fiction,are neither necessary nor expected,since the fulfillment of duty provides the satisfying end, whatever the tragedy it inflicts. And duty includes a persons obligations to those who have conferred benefits upon him and to himself as an individual of honor. He develops through this double sense of duty a self-discipline which is at once permissive and rigid,depending upon the area in which it is functioning.The process of acquiring this self-discipline begins in childhood. Indeed, one may say it begins at birthhow early the Japanese child is given his own identity! If I were to define in a word the attitude of the Japanese toward their children I would put it in one succinct word. Love? Yes,abundance of love, warmly expressed from .the moment he is put to his mothers breast. For a mother this nursing of her child is important psychologically.Rewards are frequent,a bit of candy bestowed at the right moment,an inexpensive toy. As time comes to enter school, however, discipline becomes firmer. To bring shame to the family is the greatest shame for the child.What is the secret of the Japanese teaching of self-discipline? It lies, I think,in the fact that the aim of all teaching is the establishment of habit. Rules are repeated over and over,and continually practiced until obedience becomes instinctive. This repetition is enhanced by the expectation of the elders. They expect a child to obey and to learn through obedience. The demand is gentle at first and tempered to the childs tender age. It is no less gentle as time goes on,but certainly it is increasingly inexorable.Now, far away from that warm Japanese home, I reflect upon what I learned there. What, I wonder,will take the place of the web of love and discipline which for so many centuries has surrounded the life and thinking of the people of Japan? 1.According to Japanese belief a child is born（ ） .2.The training of the Japanese child can best be described as（ ） .3.In the teaching of self-discipline the Japanese emphasize （ ） .4.The Japanese idea of virtue is（ ） .5.To the Japanese,the aim of existence is（ ） .问题1选项A.basically goodB.amoral, neither good nor evilC.with two souls which are in combat with one anotherD.in sin问题2选项A.a system of rewards and punishmentsB.frequent disciplining which becomes more inexorably severe as the child grows olderC.benevolent and indulgent during the early years,but somewhat more severe as the child grows olderD.almost entirely psychological问题3选项A.duty to ones family and relationsB.early toilet training combined with restrictive movementC.heavy external control including both verbal and physical punishmentD.a permissive atmosphere almost until puberty问题4选项A.sublimating the rough soul to permit ascendancy of the gentle soulB.fulfilling ones obligations to othersC.doing good and avoiding evilD.being friendly and courteous to all people问题5选项A.the pursuit of happinessB.reward in the afterlifeC.a happy ending to ones activitiesD.fulfilling ones duty【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.根据第一段“Human nature in itself is good,Japanese philosophers insist,and a human being does not need to fight any part of himself. He has only to learn how to use each soul properly at the appropriate times.”日本哲学家坚持认为, 人性本身是好的, 一个人不需要与自己的任何一部分作斗争。他只需要学习如何在适当的时候恰当地使用每一个灵魂。所以选项A符合原文。2.根据倒数第二段的最后一句“The demand is gentle at first and tempered to the childs tender age. It is no less gentle as time goes on,but certainly it is increasingly inexorable.”这种要求一开始是温和的, 根据孩子们幼小的年龄而进行调整, 随着时间的推移这种要求就不那么温和了, 可以肯定的说是越来越无情了。选项C符合原文。3.本题与上一题意思相近, 这种要求一开始是温和的, 根据孩子们幼小的年龄而进行调整, 随着时间的推移这种要求就不那么温和了, 可以肯定的说是越来越无情了。选项D符合原文。4.根据第一段中提到的“Virtue for the Japanese consists in fulfilling ones obligations to others.”可知选项B符合原文。5.根据第一段的后半部