秋风清,秋月明,落叶聚还散,寒鸦栖复惊.071Ant colonies have elaborate social structures in which the various activities necessary for the feeding, shelter, and reproduction of the colony are divided among specially adapted individuals. Ants belong to an order of insects called the Hymenoptera, a group that also includes bees, wasps, and sawflies. Some species of wasps and bees resemble ants in that they live in colonies and are therefore said to be social, but ants are the only hymenopterans in which every species is social. Ants are distinguished from other hymenopterans in that they have bent, or elbowed, antennae and an indented abdomen that forms a narrow waist.o elaborate i5lAbErEt adj. 复杂的 o shelter 5FeltE n. 遮蔽处 o adapted E5dAptid adj. 适合的 o hymenoptera 7haimi5nCptErE n. 膜翅目 o sawfly 5sR:flai n. 叶蜂 o resemble ri5zembl v. 类似 o in that in TAtconj. 因为 o distinguish dis5tiNwiF v. 区别 o bent bent adj. 弯曲的 o elbowed 5elbEud adj. 像肘一样弯曲的 o antenna An5tenE n. 触须 o indented in5dentid adj. 锯齿状的 o abdomen 5AbdEmEn n. 腹部 o waist weist n. 昆虫腹部的较窄部位072Members of an ant colony typically fall into categories known as castes, each with a different role. The majority of colony members are female worker ants that are unable to mate. Worker ants do not have wings and perform most of the work of the colony, including searching for food, nursing young, and defending the colony against ants from other colonies. Queens are larger than worker ants and are the only females of the colony capable of mating. Queens are born with wings, which they break off after mating. They mate with winged male ants, later using the sperm from the mating to produce fertilized eggs, which hatch to produce more worker ants and a new generation of queens.o caste kB:st n. 有社会组织的昆虫的阶级 o mate meit v. 交配,繁殖 o perform pE5fC:m v. 执行 o nurse nE:s v. 看护 o capable of 5keipEbl Evadj. 有能力 o sperm spE:m n. 精子 o fertilized egg 5fE:tElaizd n. 受精卵 o hatch hAtF v. 孵化 073Insects and diseases are a continuing menace to forests. Various insects, such as the gypsy moth, the tussock moth, and the spruce budworm, devastate extensive areas by defoliation. Other insects serve as carriers for the causative agents of diseases that destroy trees. Parasitic tree diseases may be caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, and nematodes, or by such parasitic plants as the mistletoe or dodder. Noninfectious diseases of trees include sunscald; drought injury; root drowning, or suffocation; nutritional excesses or deficiencies; winter injury; and injury from smoke, gases, and fumes.o menace 5menEs n. 威胁 o gypsy moth 5dVipsi mCWn. 舞毒蛾 o tussock moth 5tQsEk mCWn. 毒蛾 o spruce budworm spru:s 5bQdwE:mn. 云杉蚜虫 o devastate 5devEsteit v. 糟蹋 o defoliation 7di:fEuli5eiFEn n. 落叶 o causative agent 5kC:zEtiv 5eidVEntn. 病原体 o bacteria bAk5tiEriE n. 细菌 o fungi 5fQndVai n. 真菌 o virus 5vaiErEs n. 病毒 o nematode 5nemEtEud n. 线虫 o mistletoe 5misltEu n. 槲寄生,一种欧亚寄生灌木 o dodder 5dCdE n. 菟丝子 o sunscald 5sQnskR:ld n. 日灼病 o drought injury draut n. 旱害 o root drowning ru:t 5drauniNn. 根部溺死 o suffocation 7sQfE5keiFEn n. 窒息 o nutritional njU:5triFEnEl adj. 营养的 o deficiency di5fiFEnsi n. 缺乏 o fume fju:m n. 浓烟 074Birds are the only animals with feathers, collectively called plumage, although some other animals, such as insects and bats, also have wings. Nearly all birds can fly, and even flightless birds, such as ostriches and penguins, evolved from flying ancestors. Many characteristics and behaviors of birds are distinct from all other animals, but there are some similarities. Like mammals, birds have four-chambered hearts and are warm-blooded having a relatively constant body temperature that enables them to live in a wide variety of environments. Like reptiles, birds develop from embryos in eggs outside of the mothers body.o plumage 5plu:midV n. 全身羽毛 o ostrich 5astritF n. 鸵鸟 o penguin 5peNwin n. 企鹅 o ancestor 5AnsistE n. 祖先 o distinct dis5tiNkt adj. 截然不同的 o similarity 7simE5lArEti n. 相似之处 o chamber 5tFeimbE n. 腔 o warm-blooded wC:m5blQdid adj. 恒温的 o constant 5kCnstEnt adj. 恒定不变的 o reptile 5reptail n. 爬行动物 o embryo 5embriEu n. 胚胎 075The main component of feathers is keratin, a flexible protein that also forms the hair and fingernails of mammals. Feathers provide the strong yet lightweight surface area needed for powered, aerodynamic flight. They also serve as insulation, trapping pockets of air to help birds conserve their body heat. The varied patterns, colors, textures, and shapes of feathers help birds to signal their age, sex, social status, and species identity to one another. Some birds have plumage that blends in with their surroundings to provide camouflage, helping these birds escape notice by their predators. Birds use their beaks to preen their feathers, often making use o