跨文化交际复习纲要Unit 11. Culture Defined from the Intercultural PerspectiveCulture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviours and artifacts that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.2. Three Ingredients of cultureartifacts人造物品concepts (beliefs, values, world views.)behavior3. The Characteristics of CultureCulture is Not Innate, it is Learned.Culture is DynamicCulture is pervasiveFacets of Culture are InterrelatedCulture is EthnocentricCulture is adaptive4. The definition of communication5. Components of communication (第一课课件 P66-71)6. Intercultural CommunicationIntercultural communication refers to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds (perception and symbol system) are distinct enough to alter their communication (课本 p.10).7. co-culturecultures which exist side-by sidethe following would be some good examples:The cultures of youth and the culture of older personsThe cultures of media-worshipers and mainstream American culture Unit 21. Verbal intercultural communication“verbal” means “consisting of words”. Language, spoken or written, is a means of verbal communication. Verbal communication refers to the communication that is carried either in oral or in written form with the use of words. Verbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.2. Individualism and collectivism1Individualism:Being Independent1 n individualist societies, ii is believed that each person is separate from others and that children leam to think in terms of ffr.CoHectivjsm:Being Dependent，Eti wllcWividit is knowntlut cuch person is part M a group and lhaf child mi learn to think in terms of 1lwcIR.*Pcnpk5! senxe of their nwn sctT: iin dept-ndenlPtsplo placeth&irrolftritiiisii.irlh槌I th仍-plfletgn thir ownutlirr j su-rlifamily板Inilrdcpondunl 印团|暨gu公势mn勺旺|Cultures are typically divided into two categories: collectivist and individualist. Individualist cultures, such as those of the United States and Western Europe, emphasize personal achievement at the expense of group goals, resulting in a strong sense of competition. Collectivist cultures, such as those of China, Korea, and Japan, emphasize family and work group goals above individual needs or desires.Unit 31. Power distance 权力差距Power distance is “the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally”. (Hofstede) 一个国家内的机构和组织的弱势成员期望和接受权力分配不均的程 度。它能反映社会中弱势成员和强势成员的价值观。Cultures that endorse low power distance expect and accept power relations that are more consultative or democratic. People relate to one another more as equals regardless of formal positions. Subordinates are more comfortable with and demand the right to contribute to and critique the decision making of those in power. In high power distance countries, less powerful accept power relations that are more autocratic and paternalistic. Subordinates acknowledge the power of others simply based on where they are situated in certain formal, hierarchical positions. As such, the power distance index Hofstede defines does not reflect an objective difference in power distribution, but rather the way people perceive power differences.2. Compliments and responseCompliments and praises are of great social functions.Concerning compliments and compliment responses, the pragmatic rules are various in different cultures.In American culture, the topic of compliments can be varied. Their response to compliments is positive.Chinese people are shy to compliment others and also modesty to accept compliments.3. Differences Between Chinese and English Compliments (P51-54)Semantic and syntactic formula4. Cultural Assumption 文化设定(pg. 56)A cultural assumption is when we assume that a person has particular values and attitudes based on their cultural backgrounds.5.Stereotype: A conventional, formulaic, and oversimplified conception, opinion, or image. They refer to negative or positive judgments made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership.(文化定势：文化定势指基于明显 的或受到认可的群体身份，对目标群体中的个体成员所持有的正面或反面的判 断。)A stereotype is an assumption made about a person based on superficial (surface) criteria.You must be careful not to use stereotypes and remember that each person is an individual, therefore their personality is not defined by their ethnicity, gender or age. Giving people characteristics based on race is racism and through gender is sexism. Be aware of how composers use stereotypes and be able to identify them.6. EthnocentrismEthnocentrism is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of ones own culture. The ethnocentric individual will judge other groups relative to his or her own particular ethnic group or cult