高考英语不定式、分词所做成分之教学案一 分词做状语分词作状语时，一般在句子中作时间、原因、方式或伴随等状语。分词作状语时，句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作状语时，与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。1. “Cant you read?” Mary said ，_ to the notice. A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing简析：该题应选A。测试现在分词作伴随状语，通过副词 angrily 进行干扰。若B 答案为 and pointed angrily 时也对。2. _ a reply, he decided to write again. A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received简析：该题应选C。测试非谓语动词的否定式是在其前直接加 not 。若动作发生在主句动作之前时用非谓语的完成式。3. The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, _ that he had enjoyed his stay here. A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added简析：该题应选C。测试现在分词可以作补充说明的状语。另外，分词作状语时，如果其逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不一致时，需要独立主格结构或 with 复合结构来替代。(此时，也可把该分词看成介词的宾语补足语。)例：The murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back. A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied简析：很显然，待选部分的逻辑主语是 his hands，而不是句子的主语 The murderer , 而 his hands 对于动词 tie 来说只能是被动关系。因此，该题应选D。综上所述，现在分词与过去分词的根本区别是主、被动关系，正确认定逻辑主语是正确使用分词的关键。明白这一道理并不难，最重要的是要养成“分析句子成分寻找逻辑主语判断主被动关系”这一思维定势。再如： Hearing the news , they got excited. When they heard the news,hey got the news现在分词 逻辑主语.从这个例句中看出，现在分词的发出者是主句的主语they,且主句的主语与现在分词形成主谓关系she got home, feeling very tired. 逻辑主语现在分词主句的主语与feeling 形成主谓关系Crossing the road, I saw a girl crying. When I was crossing the road, I saw a girl crying.注：当句主句的主语与从句的动词表示动作正在进行除了省略其连接词because, if , once, when ,从句中的主语，还要省略其be 动词When hewas climbing the step, he heard terrible voice.Climbing the step, he heard terrible voiceBecause he is a child, he cant enter into the interbar.Being a child, he cant enter into the interbar当从句中出现主n/adj, 且该从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，用be 动词的现在分词形式即Being +n/adj.Being excited, he speaks incoherently. Because he is excited, he speaks incoherently.注意：当主句的主语与从句的主语不一致时，那么从句现在分词是独立的主格结构。从句中的主语不能省略。Wheatherpermitting, well go camping. If wheather permits, well go camping.主语现在分词主语主语不一致形成主谓关系从上面中可以看出，主句中的主语与从句中的主语不一致。从句中的主语与现在分词形成主谓关系。因此，现在分词前不能省略其主语He sat in the chair, his glaring eyes looking at her. I feel very excited, this being the first time to won the first. I feel very excited, because this is my fist time to won the first.现在分词的时态和语态主动被动一般式 (指动作通常是一般性的动作，来即不明确说明doing发生在现在，也不说明发生在过去，将来being done完成式（指ing形式的完成式发生在 having done having been done主句的谓语的动作之前Not knowing her address, I wasnt able to contact her knowing 为一般式，Having bought our tickets, we went into the theatre We 与brought 为主动关系从上句的句意中得知，买票的动作发生在进电影院之前。所以要用having done的形式Having cleaned the classroom, he went home.clean的动作发生在 go 的动作之前 Having been told many times, he still reported the same mistake. he 和 tell 为被动关系有些现在分词做状语是固定结构，要记住，如jugging from/by, generally speaking, turning to Judging from his accent, he must be a southerner.Generally speaking , his answer is right.Turning to the left, he saw a bus passing.二过去分词1）过去分词做状语（表原因，让步，时间，结果。）过去分词与主句的主语是动宾关系，即过去分词与主语是被动关系。 The teacher came into classroom into the lab, followed by some students Teacher 与followed 形成被动关系 句意为老师进入教室，后面跟了一些学生。The teacher came into classroom, following the teacher. The teacher 与following 形成主动关系。 Given a chance, I can surprise the world. He stood in front of the room with his arms folded.2）过去分词的主语与从句的主语不一致，过去分词用独立的结构。其过去分词前面也要带上主语。All thingsconsidered, her paper is of great value than yours.不是同个主语从上面中，我们可以看到，things 与her paper 不是同一个主语.所以过去分词前的主语不能省略。三，不定式。不定式做状语往往表示目的，原因，结果，比较和独立的成分。表是原因，结果时，不可置于句首。 She shut the window in order to (keep the insects out) (表目的) To get a job, he need a PHD.He need a PHD in order to get a job注：当不定式位于句首时表目的时，相当于in order to 或so as to To find a job, he attended many interviews He attended many interviews in order to find a job. You were silly not to have locked your car (不定式表原因) To be honest, I dont think we have a chance of winning.常见的这类短语有to be frank (坦白的说)，to be exact(确切地说)，to begin with(首先)，to make a long story short(长话短说)等。四，确定分词的使用的具体步骤（1）根据句子结构确定分词的语法成分（2）找准逻辑主语（3）判断主、被动关系（4）选定现在或过去分词1. There was a terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light. A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed简析：根据语法分析可知，待选部分是修饰 noise 的定语短语；据常识“雷声随闪电之后到来”，自然A noise follows the sudden burst of light , noise与follow是主动关系。因此，该题应选B。2. The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B. C., didnt include women until 1912. A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be playing简析：根据语法分析可知，待选部分是一个作定语、修饰 The Olympic Games 的后置分词短语；The Olympic Games是动词 play 的承受者，且已完成 (in 776 B. C.)。因此，该题选C。3. Whats the language _