会计学原理名词解释1. Accounting : is an information and measurement system that identifies records and communicates relevant reliable and comparable information about an organization s business activities.(P2)2. Managerial accounting : is the area of accounting that serves the decision-marking needs of internal users.(P4)3. Events : refer to happenings that affect an entity s accounting equation and can be reliably measured.(P11)4. External user : of accounting information are not directly involved in running the organization.(P3)5. Internal user: of accounting information are those directly efficiency and effectiveness of an organization.(P4)6. Ethics : are beliefs that distinguish right from wrong. They are accepted standards of good and bad behavior.(P5)7. Cost principle : meansthat accounting information is based on actual cost.(P7)8. Revenue recognition principle : provides guidance on when a company must recognize revenue.(P7)9. Matching principle : prescribes that a companymust records its expenses incurred to generate the revenue reported.(P7)10. Going-concerning assumption : means that accountinginformation reflectsa presumption that the business willcontinue operating instead of being closed or sold.(P7)11. Audit : through review of an organizations accountingrecords and accounting reports and return make by the analysis.12. Net income : amount a business earns after paying all expenses and costs associated with its sales and revenues.(P15)13. Income statement : describes a companys revenues and expenses along with the resulting net income or loss over a period time due to earnings activities.(P14)14. Statement of owner s equity : explains changes in equity from net income (or loss) and from any owner investments and withdrawals over a period of time.(P14)15. Balance sheet : describes a companys financial position (types and amounts of assets liabilities and equity) at a point in time.(P15)16. Statement of cash flows : identifies cash inflows (receipts) and cash outflows (payments) over a period of time.(P15)17. Owners withdrawals account : the account used to record the transfers of assets from a business to its owner. (P31)18. Liabilities : is what a company owes its no owners (creditors) in future payments, products, or services.(P10)19. Accounting equation : Assets=Liabilities + Equity.(P10)20. Accrued expense : refer to costs that are incurred in a period but are both unpaid and unrecorded.(P66)21. Operating cycle : is the time span from whencash is used to acquire goods and services until cash is received from the sale of goods and services. (P96)22. Shareholders (investors) : are the owners of a corporation. (P3)23. Current radio : a ratio used to help evaluate a companys ability to pay its debts in the near future.24. Merchandise inventory : refers to products that a company owns and intends to sell.(P113)25. Cash discount : reduction in a receivable or payable if it is paid within the discount period. sellers can grant a cash discount to discourage buyers to pay earlier(P137)26. Gross profit : also called Gross margin, which equals net sales cost of goods sold.(P137)27. Credit period : the amount of time allowed before full payment is due.(P137)28. Acid-test ratio : a ratio used to assets a companys ability to pay its current liabilities; defined by current liabilities.29. Selli ng expe nse: in elude the expe nses of promot ing sales by display ing and advertis ing mercha ndise, making sales,and delivering goods to customers.(P124)30. General and administrativeexpense: support a compan$soverall operati ons and in cludeexpe nses related toaccounting,human resourcemanagement, and financialman ageme nt.(P124)31. Time period assumption: presumes that the life of a compa nycan be divided into time periods, such as mon ths and years, and that useful reports can be prepared for those periods.(P7)32. Acco unt receivable : are held by a seller and decreasedby customers to sellers.(P29)33. Prepaid account (also called prepaid expenses): are assets that represe nt prepayme nts of future expe nses (notcurre nt expe nses). (P29)34. Un ear ned reve nue : refers to a liability that is settledin the future when a company delivers its products or services.(P30)35. Accrued liabilities: is the compa nys debt owed. For example, salaries payable, taxes payable, and interest payable and so on .(P31)36. Purchase disco unt: purchaser descripti on of a cashdisco unt received from a supplier of goods.(P137)37. Sales discount : seller description of a cash discount gran ted to buyers in return for early payme nt.(P137)38. Trade discount : reduction below list or catalog price hat is negotiated in setting the price of goods.(P137)39. FOBshipping point (FOBfactory) : meansthe buyer accepts ownership when the goods depart the seller place of busi ness.(P117)40. FOB destination : means ownership of goo