2022年考博英语-北京师范大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 单选题Fungi, of which there are over 100,000 species, including yeasts and other single-celled organisms as well as the common molds and mushrooms, were formerly classified as members of the plant kingdom. However, in reality they are very different from plants and today they are placed in a separate group altogether. The principal reason for this is that none of them possesses chlorophyll, and since they cannot synthesize their own carbohydrates. They obtain their supplies either from the breakdown of dead organic matter or from other living organisms. Furthermore the walls of fungal cells are not made of cellulose, as those of plants are, but of another complex sugar-like polymer called chitin the material from which the hard outer skeletons of shrimps, spiders, and insects are made. The difference between the chemical composition of the cell walls of fungi and those of plants is of enormous importance because it enables the tips of the growing hyphae, the threadlike cells of the fungus, to secrete enzymes that break down the walls of plant cells without having any effect on those of the fungus itself. It is these cellulose-destroying enzymes that enable fungi to attack anything made from wood, wood pulp, cotton, flax, or other plant material.The destructive power of fungi is impressive. They are major cause of structure damage to building timbers, a cause of disease in animals and humans, and one of the greatest causes of agricultural losses. Entire crops can be wiped out by fungal attacks both before and after harvesting. Some fungi can grow at+50, while others can grow at-50, so even food in cold storage may not be completely safe from them. On the other hand, fungi bring about the decomposition of dead organic matter, this enriching the soil and returning carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, They also enter into a number of mutually beneficial relationships with plants and other organisms In addition, lung are the source of marry of the most potent antibiotics used in clinical medicine, including penicillin.1.What does paragraph one mainly discuss?2.Which of the following is mentioned as a major change in how scientists approach the study of fungi?3. The skeletons of shrimps, spiders and insects are mentioned in paragraph one because they（） .4. Fungi have all the following characteristics EXCEPT（） .5.The passage mentions penicillin(last line) as an example of （）.问题1选项A.differences between simple and complex fungi.B.functions of chlorophyll in plants.C.functions of sugar in the walls of fungal cells.D.differences between fungi and plants.问题2选项A.Fungi are no longer classified as plants.B.Some single-celled organisms are no longer classified as fungi.C.New methods of species identification have been introduced.D.Theories about the chemical composition of fungi have been revised.问题3选项A.can be destroyed by fungiB.have unusual chemical compositionsC.contain a material found in the walls of fungal cellsD.secrete the same enzymes as the walls of fungal cells do问题4选项A.They grow hyphaeB.They secrete enzymesC.They synthesize celluloseD.They destroy crops问题5选项A.a medicine derived from plantsB.a beneficial use of fungiC.a product of the relationship between plants and fungiD.a type of fungi that grows at extreme temperatures【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:C第4题:C第5题:B【解析】第1题:通读第一段可知，本段主要是讲真菌和植物的区别。第2题:根据第一段的一、二句可知，真菌以前被列入植物类，但事实上它们与植物完全不同，因为它们没有叶绿素。所以这是真菌在科学家们研究的过程中发现的最重要的变化。选项A符合原文。第3题:根据第一段“ Furthermore the walls of.and insects are made. ”此外，真菌细胞的细胞壁不像植物那样是由纤维素构成的，而是由另一种复杂的糖状聚合物几丁质构成的。这种聚合物被称为几丁质，是虾、蜘蛛和昆虫坚硬外壳的材料。选项C正确。第4题:根据第一段后半部分“because it enables the tips of the growing hyphae, the threadlike cells of the fungus, to secrete enzymes .”以及“Entire crops can be wiped out by fungal attacks both before and after harvesting,”可知，选项A，B，D都是真菌的特点，根据“the walls of fungal cells are not made of cellulose”可知真菌无法合成纤维素。所以本题选C。第5题:根据第二段内容可知，前半部分是讲真菌的坏处，后半部分则是讲真菌的有益之处，penicillin是作为一个例子来阐明其益处，所以选项B正确。2. 单选题When you leave a job with a traditional pension, dont assume youve lost the chance to collect it. Youre entitled to whatever benefit youve earnedand you might even be entitled to take it now. “A lot of people forget they have it, or they think that by waiting until theyre 65, theyll have a bigger benefit,” says Wayne Bogosian, president of the PFE Group, which provides corporate pre-retirement education.Your former employers should send you a certificate that says how much your pension is worth. If its less than $ 5,000, or if the company offers a lump-sum payout, it will generally close your account and cash you out. It may not seem like much, but $5,000 invested over 20 years at eight percent interest is $23,000. If your pension is worth more than $ 5,000, or your company doesnt