英语语法归纳与精练根据以往英语取得高分同学的经验和海文英语辅导名师的建议，他们都一致认为英语语法和词汇是学好、考好英语的重要基础，其实完形填空是对语法、词汇的综合考查，但更关键的是学好此部分有助于对英语句子结构的分析和理解，有助于学生掌握灵活多变的句式，这样不仅有助于学生做好阅读理解，而且有助于学生做好英译汉，写好作文。因此，我们在此编写了有关重点语法的知识点，并将陆续登出，同时将刊登一些试题。希望同学们认真掌握，切不可因不靠它们而忽视了对英语基础知识的掌握。（一）情态动词一情态动词的现在完成式的用法 情态动词现在完成式主要有两个功能：表示已经发生的情况和表示虚拟语气。在这两个方面must/mustnt,;can/cannt;need/neednt;may/maynt;might/mightnt;should/shouldnt;ougtht等情态动词完成式表示的意思是有一定区别的1表示已经发生的情况。1）must have+过去分词，表示对已发生情况的肯定推测，译为“（昨天）一定”。如：My pain apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically:” Are you feeling all right?”A must be B had been C must have been D had to be（答案为C）2）cant / couldnt have+过去分词，表示对已发生情况的否定推测，译为“（昨天）一定没”。如：Mary my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.A couldnt have received B ought to have receivedC has received D shouldnt have received（答案为A）3）may / might have +过去分词，表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测，或事实上根本没发生，译为“也许”。如：At Florida Powers Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.2表示虚拟语气。1) neednt have + 过去分词，表示做了不必做的事，相当于”didnt need to do”,译为“其实没必要”。如：You neednt have come over yourself.As it turned out to be a small house party, we so formally.A neednt dress up Bdid not need have dressed upC did not need dress up D neednt have dressed up(没有必要穿的那么正式，体现是说话者的建议，实际结果是否真的穿的很正式没有确定，答案为D)2）should have +过去分词，表示应该做某事但实际上未做，译为“本应该”should not + have过去分词表示本不应该做某事但实际上做了，译为“本不应该”。如：I regret having left the work unfinished; I should have planned everything ahead carefully.我本来应该事先认真地把每件事情规划的很好，但实际上作者还是没有规划好，以至工作没有完成。3) ought to have +过去分词，表示动作按理该发生了，但实际上未发生，译为“该”，与should 的完成式含义类似。如：he porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke .4) could have +过去分词，表示过去本来可以做但却未做，译为“完全可以”。这点与ought/should/ have +过去分词用法相似。如：What you said is right, but you could have phrased it more tactfully.5) may/ might have +过去分词，表示过去可以做但实际未做，译为“（那样）也许会”。如：It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers.二几个情态动词常考的句型： 1)may/might (just) as well “不妨，最好”，与had better相近；Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.既然航班已经取消了，你不妨乘火车吧。相当于you had better go by train。2) cannot / canttoo “越越好，怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体cannotover.如：You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.驾车时候，越小心越好。The final chapter covers organizational change and development. This subject cannot be over emphasized .3) usednt 或didt use to 为used to (do) 的否定式。4）should 除了“应该”一层意思外，考研大纲还规定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：I didnt expect that he should have behaved like that. 我无法想象他竟然这样做。三情态动词被动关系的主动表达法1 want, require, worth（形容词）后面接doing也可以表示被动意义。Your hair wants cuttingThe book is worth readingThe floor requires washing.2need既可以用need to be done 也可以使用need doing ，两种形式都表达被动的意义The house needs painting= the house needs to be painted.The watch needed repairing= the watch needed to be repaired.（二） 形容词、副词及比较级最高级一形容词的修饰与位置 一般来说，从构词法角度来看，后缀”ly”往往是副词，但有的以“ly结尾的词是形容词而不是副词，这点要注意；形容词一般可以在句子中做定语，表语等成份，但有些形容词在句子中只能做表语和只能做前置定语；这些形容词在修饰时候有一定的特殊性要引起大家的注意，下面做了一下归纳：1 以-ly结尾的是形容词而不是副词：costly 昂贵的 lonely 孤独的deadly 死一般的 lively 活泼的friendly 友好的 silly 傻气的kindly 热心肠的 likely 可能的leisurely 悠闲的 ugly 长得丑的brotherly 兄弟般的 monthly 每月的earthly 尘世的2 只作以“a”开头的很多形容词只能做表语：afraid 害怕的 alike 相象的awake 醒着的 alone 单独的，惟一的alive 活着的 ashamed 羞愧的asleep 睡着的 aware 意识到的、察觉到的well 健康的 content 满意的unable 无能的3 只作前置定语的形容词earthen 泥土做的，大地的 daily 每日的 latter 后面的golden 金子般的 weekly 每周的 inner 里面的silken 丝一般的 monthly 每月的 outer 外面的wooden 木制的 yearly 每年的 elder 年长的 woolen 毛织的 former 前任的 mere 仅，只不过only 惟一的 sheer 纯粹的 very 恰好的little 小的 live 活的4下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词，注意用做系动词时，要求形容词做表语：remain keep become, get, grow, go, come, turn, stay, stand, run, prove, seem, appear, look。如：All those left undone may sound great in theory, but even the truest believer has great difficulty when it comes to specifics.二形容词与副词的比较级与最高级1 考比较级时，考生应把握： 1）形容词和副词比较级的形式是否和比较连词对应出现，即是否符合原级比较及比较级的结构。如：Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often , or better than an actual performance.Aas good as Bas good Cgood Dgood as在这里as good as 比较连词与better than比较连词同时出现时候，不能省略任何一个介词。答案为AOn the whole, ambitiou