免费毕业论文、职称论文 http:/www.docin.com/zajia2010二语习得中文化差异对阅读的影响Influence of Cultural Differences on Reading in Second Language AcquisitionAbstractReading is a very complicated skill involving many aspects. Linguistic knowledge can affect ones reading, but cultural factors play a more important role in reading process. Many true and serious reading barriers are not only from the proficiency of language knowledge itself, but also caused by cultural differences between target language and our mother tongue. Cultural differences exist in background information, words, sentences, and text structures, all of which are going to cause potential barriers in reading. Only by finding a feasible way to remove the barriers can we improve our reading ability.Key WordsCultural differences; reading comprehension; reading barriers; solutions摘 要阅读是一项涉及面非常广泛而又复杂的技能，我们在二语习得时，阅读中可能遇到的障碍不仅仅是来自于其语言知识本身，更多致命障碍来自于目标语言与母语之间的文化差异对阅读理解所造成的影响，这种语言的文化差异存在于背景知识，词汇，句子，和篇章结构中。它们对阅读产生直接影响并可能导致潜在的阅读障碍，只有针对产生阅读障碍的原因找出切实可行的办法，才能有效地提高阅读能力。关键词文化差异；阅读理解；阅读障碍；解决方法IntroductionLanguage and culture are mutually functioned and dialectically interacted in the sociolinguistics theory. Language is the cornerstone and carrier of culture. There will be no culture without languages. And more, language is the mirror of culture and affected by it. Culture makes the rule of language, and leads the tendency of its production and development. So, each kind of language is characterized by its national special and unique features and distinctive from the others (刘守华,1992, pp.147-148). It is an important aim for a second language learning to master its culture by reading foreign material. In turn, we will encounter many problems and barriers in reading for lacking of cultural knowledge on the target language. All of above, we should be clear to see that, it is necessary to indeed and basic for reading to well know and understand the foreign language and culture.Reading is regarded as a communicative and social activity in modern English teaching theory. It is the most useful way to talk about information between the author and reader. But we dont think that people who already mastered a certain degree about vocabulary and grammar have the ability of communicating with the author heart-to-heart. Reading is not only a process of simply decoding of singles and symbols of language, but it is also a very complicated and intricate work. The ability of understanding is not only decided by the proficiency of language knowledge itself but also restricted by the national culture.Language is the fundamental element and carrier of its distinctive national culture; it always carries information of its national culture in the text structures, sentences, even in a single word (董亚芬，1997, pp.19-23). We should know some background information about language cultures in reading matters. So, we can not only focus on the study of lexical meaning, syntactic meaning, and grammatical meaning, but should we extract the cultural information contained reading materials in the target language. It can help us catch the essential meaning beyond the words and symbols in the text, and enhance and consolidate the cultural awareness in comparison with different cultures. I. Culture and Second Language LearningA. Definition of CultureCulture, in a broad sense, is an integrated pattern of human behavior that includes thoughts, communications, languages, practices, beliefs, values, customs, courtesies, rituals, manners of interacting and roles, relationships and expected behaviors of a racial, ethnic, religious or social group. As a culture is so inclusive, it permeates virtually every aspect of human life and influences predominantly peoples behavior, including linguistic behavior. Since culture (Nida, 1993, p.105) is defined succinctly as “the totality of beliefs and practices of a society,” nothing is of greater strategic importance than the language through which its beliefs and by which most interaction of its members take place.Culture is the basic operating system that makes us human. Humans around the world are physically pretty much the same. There are variations in body size, shape and color, but the basic equipment is universal. We can think of our physical selves as the hardware, but we cannot be said to be human until we are programmed and each of us is programmed by our home culture. There is an American cultural anthropologist elaborated in Patterns of Culture (Benedict, 1934, pp.52-119) that Humans are unique among all the animals on the earth. The infant is weak and incapable of survival for an exceptionally long period of time. At birth the infant is only a potential human. It must learn how to be human and it learns the thoughts that existing in customs, arts, religions, philosophies, ethics, morals, politics and laws in a culturally specific way. Doubtlessly, all of those necessities must be finally applied into its language. The culture