图形用户界面（GUI）详细发展历史发布者：飞翔浏览：评论：0History of the graphical user in terfaceThe graphical user in terface , or GUI, is a computer i nterface that uses graphic icons and con trols in additi on to text. The user of the computer utilizes a poin ti ng device , like a mouse, to man ipulate these icons and con trols. This was a great leap forward from thecomma nd line in terfaceused in other operating systems, in which the user types a series of text comma nds to the computer.In itial Developme ntsThe first con cept of a win dowi ng system begi ns with the first real-time graphic display systems for computers, namely theSAGE Project and IvanSutherland s Sketchpad.Augme ntati on of Huma n In tellectDoug Engelbart s Augmentation of Human Intellect project atSRI in the1960s developed theOn-Line System , which incorporated a mouse-drivencursor and multiple win dows.Xerox PARCEngelbart s work directly led to the advances atXerox PARCSeveralpeople went from SRI to Xerox PARCin the early1970 s. The Xerox PARCteam codified theWIMRw in dows, ic ons, menus and poin ters/pull-dow nmenus) paradigm, firstpioneered on the Xerox Alto experimental computer,but which eventually appeared commercially in theXerox 8010 ( Star)system in 1981.Apple Lisa and Macin toshBegi nning in 1979, led by Jef Rask in, the Lisa and Macin tosh teams at AppleComputer (which in eluded former membersof the Xerox PARCgroup) continued to develop such ideas. The Macin tosh, released in 1984, was the first commercially successful product to use a GUI. A desktop metaphor was used, in which files looked like pieces of paper; directories looked like file folders; there were a set of desk accessories like a calculator,notepad,and alarm clock that the user could place around the scree n as desired; and the user could delete files and folders by dragg ing them to a trash can on the scree n.There is stillsomec on troversy over the amount of in flue nee that Xerox sPARCvork, as opposed to previous academic research, had on the GUIs of Apple s Lisa and Macin tosh , but it is clear that the in flue nce was exte nsive.The Macintosh s GUI has been revised with time since 1984, with a major update with System 7, and un derwe nt its largest revisio n with the introduction of the Aqua interface in 2001 s Mac OS XVisi OnGraphical user in terface primarily desig ned for spreadsheets by the company that wrote the legendaryVisiCalc spreadsheet. First introducedthe windows concept and a mouse to the PCenvironment, in 1983. Preceded the first Microsoft Windowsimplementations. VisiOn never took off because it could not be used to run otherMS-DO倉pplicatio ns and was buggy andexpe nsive. In spired the multitask ing system DESQview.Amiga In tuiti onAmiga computers developed a GUI in 1985 calledIn tuiti on .In this GUIdirectories were show n as fili ng cab inet drawers.The Amiga GUI was unique for its time because it featured a pop-up comma nd line in terface(CLI) for those times whe n a GUI does not offer eno ughcon trol.GEMAt the same time Microsoft was developing Windows in the1980s, DigitalResearch developed the GEM DesktopGUI system. GEM was created as an alter nativewi ndow system to run on IBM PCsystems, either on top of MS-DOS(like Microsoft Windows) or on top ofCPM-86 DR s own operating systemthat MS-DOS was pattere ned after. GEM achieved mini mal success in the PC world, but was later used as the n ative GUI on theAtari ST machi nes.GEOSGEOSvas another very early graphical desktop system. Originallywrittenfor the 8 bit home computer Commodore 64it was later ported to IBM PC systems. It camewith several application programs like a calendar and word processor, and a cut-down version served as the basis for America Online s DOS clie nt. Compared to the competi ngWin dows 3.0 GUI, it could runreas on ably well on simpler hardware.Revivals were see n in the HP OmniGo han dhelds, Brother GeoBook line of laptop-applia nces, and the New Deal Office package for PCs. Related code found its way to earlier Zoomer PDAs, creating an unclear lineage toPalm, Inc s later work.Microsoft Win dowsMicrosoft modeled the first versi on ofWin dows released in1985, on theGUI of the Mac OS Win dows 1.0 was a GUI (graphic user in terface)for theMS-DOS)perati ng system that had bee n the sta ndard OS for with IBM PC a nd compatible computers since 1981. Windows 2.0 followed, then in 1990 the Windows3.0 launch was whenthe popularityof Windowsreally exploded. TheGUIs of subseque nt versi ons of Win dows have bee n similar to the GUI ofWin dows 3.0.In 1988, Apple sued Microsoft for copyright infringement of theLisa andApple Macintosh GUI. The court case lasted 4 years before almost all of Apple s claims were denied. Subsequent appeals by Apple were also denied, and Microsoft and Apple appare ntly en tered a fin al, private settleme nt of the