高考维“升”素8科普知识（时间：30分钟 分值：31分）维A1 阅读理解(每题2分，满分8分)选材网站：http：/www.treehug.com/topic高考曾用材料：2012大纲全国卷B篇选材相似度：设题相似度：难度系数：Scientists at Royal Holloway，University of London and Queen Mary，University of London have discovered that bees learn to fly the shortest possible route between flowers even if they discover the flowers in a different order.Bees are effectively solving the “traveling salesman problem”，and they are the first creatures found to do this.The traveling salesman must find the shortest route that allows him to visit all locations on his route.Computers solve it by comparing the length of all possible routes and choosing the shortest，and it can keep computers busy for days.However，bees solve it without computer assistance using a brain the size of grass seed.Dr.Nigel Raine，from the School of Biological Sciences at Royal Holloway explains，“Bees solve traveling salesman problems every day.They visit flowers at multiple locations and because bees use lots of energy to fly，they find a route which keeps flying to a minimum.”The team used the computer to control artificial flowers to test whether bees would follow a route defined by the order in which they discovered the flowers or if they would find the shortest route.After exploring the location of the flowers，bees quickly learned to fly the shortest route.As well as improving our understanding of how bees move around the landscape pollinating crops and wild flowers，this research，which is due to be published in The American Naturalist，has other applications.Our lifestyle relies on networks such as traffic on the roads，information flow on the Web and business supply chains.By understanding how bees can solve their problems with such a tiny brain，we can improve our management of these everyday networks without needing lots of computer time.Dr.Raine adds，“Despite their tiny brains bees are capable of extraordinary feats of behavior.We need to understand how they can solve the traveling salesman problem without a computer.”Note：pollinate vt.授粉【语篇解读】 英国的科学家发现，蜜峰在花丛中飞行时，总是能够找到最近的路线，这个“销售员旅行难题”即使电脑也需要好几天才能解决。1What would be the best title of the passage?A Bees help salesmen travelBTroybrained bees solve a complex mathematical problemCHow bees discover the flowersDHow to solve the “traveling salesman problem”答案B主旨大意题。“销售员旅行难题”用计算机也得需要几天才能解决，而蜜峰毫不费力地就能在花丛中找到最近的飞行路线，故B项作为文章的标题最贴切、生动。2We may infer from the second paragraph that the “traveling salesman problem” _.Acan be solved by a computer easilyBcant even be solved by a computerCcan puzzle both people and computersDremains to be solved by scientists答案C细节理解题。根据第二段可知，销售员在出发之前必须找到合适的路线，这个“销售员旅行难题”即使电脑也需要好几天才能解决。3The main purpose of the last paragraph is to _.Aprovide further proof for the researchBtell us how bees can fly the shortest route between flowersCtell us how the research about bees flying route was conductedDexplain the significance of the research答案D推理判断题。最后一段说明了蜜峰飞行路线研究的意义和目的，是为了帮助我们在实际生活中更好地节省时间和精力。4It can be concluded from the passage that _.Aall creatures are smarter than computersBthe research about bees flying route can be applied to many fieldsCour networks are more complex than bees onesDwith the help of the computer we can find out how bees can solve the “traveling salesman problem”答案B推理判断题。根据最后一段可以推断出对蜜峰飞行路线的研究可以应用到其他领域中。维A2 阅读理解(每题2分，满分8分)选材网站：www.cnielts.com/topic高考曾用材料：2012新课标全国卷D篇选材相似度：设题相似度：难度系数：If the salinity of ocean waters is analyzed，it is found to vary only slightly from place to place.Nevertheless，some of these small changes are important.There are three basic processes that cause a change in oceanic salinity.One of these is the subtraction of water from the ocean by means of evaporationconversion of liquid water to water vapor.In this manner the salinity is increased，since the salts stay behind.If this is carried to the extreme，of course，white crystals of salt would be left behind.The opposite of evaporation is precipitation，such as rain，by which water is added to the ocean.Here the ocean is being diluted so that the salinity is decreased.This may occur in areas of high rainfall or in coastal regions where rivers flow into the ocean.Thus salinity may be increased by the subtraction of water by evaporation，or decreased by the addition of fresh water by precipitation or runoff.Normally，in tropical regions where the sun is very strong，the ocean salinity is somewhat higher than it is in other parts of the world where there is not as much evaporation.Similarly，in coastal regions where rivers dilute the sea，salinity is somewhat lower than in other oceanic areas.A third process by which salinity may be altered is associated with the formation and melting of sea ice.When sea water is frozen，the dissolved materials are left behind.In this manner，sea water directly beneath freshly fo