上海海事大学学位论文 船舶优先权若干法律问题研究摘 要船舶优先权作为海商法上一项颇具特色的制度，历史悠久，内容丰富，一直以来吸引着许多专家、学者加以研究，使其制度规定和理论系统得以不断完善，并已普遍为世界各国法律所采纳或承认。但与此同时，鉴于各国法制传统不一，加之专家学者又各持己见，在船舶优先权制度方面仍然存在着不少问题和分歧，如，船舶优先权的属性、范围、效力、行使程序及其产生和消灭等。其中，笔者以为，船舶优先权的法律属性、受偿位序及其与海事赔偿责任限制关系等问题尤受青睐，因此全文主要围绕这几个问题展开，分为五章。第一章是船舶优先权的初步界定。首先探讨了“船舶优先权”的称谓，对比各国法定各色名称，引出我国海商法学界中“留置权”与“优先权”两种对峙观点。其次进一步分析了船舶优先权的实际内涵，明确下文所要诉述的对象。第二章探讨船舶优先权的法律性质。笔者通过把眼下对船舶优先权法律性质的不同认识进行罗列分析，探讨船舶优先权究竟是实体性权利还是程序性权利，应当归入担保物权还是属于优先债权。第三章论述船舶优先权的请求项目和受偿位序，分二节。第一节是对船舶优先权项目规定的分析，主要通过对各国立法及国际公约有关船舶优先权项目的不同规定进行比对，归纳出船舶优先权项目的发展变化，挖掘导致这些变化产生的可能缘由，并以此反观中华人民共和国海商法（以下简称海商法）的立法水平。第二节讨论船舶优先权的受偿位序，又分四个方面，分别为船舶优先权与无担保债权及公益费用债权之间、船舶优先权与其他船舶担保物权之间、担保不同类海事请求的船舶优先权之间以及担保同类海事请求的数个船舶优先权之间的受偿先后比较，总结在确定船舶优先权受偿位序时通常应予考量的因素与原则。第四章为船舶优先权的行使与消灭。船舶优先权的行使具有很强的程序性特点，所以各国对如何正确行使都明确规定有其方法和条件，也因此产生了许多值得注意的问题，笔者予以一一点明，同时也对船舶优先权消灭的原因进行了介绍。第五章研究的是船舶优先权与海事赔偿责任限制的关系。笔者首先对两者关系进行了初步界定，即存在冲突关系；然后进一步明确两者冲突的范围、海事赔偿责任限制对船舶优先权的影响，以及两者在冲突时的具体适用，并在最后提出了解决冲突的可行方案。关键词 船舶优先权，法律属性，项目，受偿位序，海事赔偿责任限制AbstractSince maritime lien system is a particular legal system in Maritime Law,with long history and abundant contents, lots of scholars feel interest in studying it.That perfects the rules and theory of maritime liens system,and makes it widespreadly adopted or acknowledged in the world.However,due to different legal tradition of each country and disputable viewpoints of scholars,there are sitll a large amount of controversies about the maritime lien system,such as law character, confines,efficacity, enforcement procedure and extinction of maritime lien. Among all, the author take the law characte, item, priorities and the relationship between maritime lien and limitation of liability for maritime claims for the most valuable parts.Therefore, the whole text will expound centreing on the above mentioned problems.Besides foreword and conclusion,the text is composed of 5 chapters.Chapter outlines maritime lien system.The author first make the comparison with the different appellations of maritime lien in legal rule of different countries,then discuesses the two prevailing opinions about translating maritime lien into chinese word,choosing which one is preferable.In the end of this chapter, the author forward analyses the content of maritime lien.Chapter focuses on the law character of maritime lien.At present, there are plenty disputable viewpoints on the issue:Is it belongs to a substantive right or a procedural right?Is it belongs to a real right for security or a special effect of credit? In the eyes of the anthor, maritime is a kind of substantive right;however,it neither belongs to a real right for security nor a special effect of credit, it actually is a third special right.Chapter expounds the maritime lien items and the priorities of maritime liens.Section compares the different regulations about maritime lien items both in the domestic legislation of each country and the conventions, sums up the variation trend of maritime lien items and seearches after the probable cause to the variation.Basing on that,the auther estimates the level of the Maritime Law of the Peoples Republic of China. Section discusses the priorities of maritime liens.It is composed of 4 parts,which are the priority between credit secured by maritime lien and credit free from property security, the priority between credit secured by maritime lien and credit secured by other security interest, the priority between credit secured by different kinds of maritime lien and the priority between credit secured by the same kind of maritime lien.Chapter interprets the enforcement procedure and extinction of maritime lien.Since the enforcement of maritime lien has a strong procedural feature, many countries choose to stipulate the way and requirements explicitly in their domestic legislation,which may lead to a large amount of noticeable issue. With respect to extinction of maritime lien,the auther briefly sets out the regular causes.Chapter elaborates the relationship between maritime lien and limitation of liability for maritime claims.The auther first defines the relationship,which is there is a kind of conflict, further he confirms the extent of the conflict and the influence imposed by limitation of liability for maritime claims on maritime lien.To solving the conflict,the auther puts forward conceivable solution.Han Linjun(International Law)Directed by Shen YujunKeywords maritime lien, law character,item,priorities, limitation of liability for maritime claims目 录引 言1第一章 船舶优先权概念界定4第一节 关于船舶优先权名称争议4一、世界主要国家和地区立法规定4二、我国学者的主要观点4第二节 对“留置权”与“优先权”之争的辨析5一、译为“留置权”之不足5二、译为“优先权”之理论依据6第三节 关于船舶优先权内涵界定8第二章 船舶优先权法律性质分析10第一节 有关船舶优先权法律性质现存争议10一、船舶优先权“程序”与“实体”性质之争10二、船舶优先权“优先债权”与“担保物权”之争11第二节 对船舶优先权法律属性的重新界定13一、关于归入“优先债权”合理性之思考13二、关于归入“担保物权”合理性之思考14三、关于定性为“第三种权利”之可能性14第三章 船舶优先权请求项目与受偿位序分析15第一节 船舶优先权请求项目分析15一、三大公约项目规定之对比及