Unit Six Culture and Nonverbal CommunicationI. Warm UpPlease read the story on page 190, then discuss the following questions:1. What is nonverbal communication?2. Is it possible to communicate without nonverbal means? Why or why not?3. What functions does our nonverbal behavior serve in communication?II. Nonverbal Communication?Read the article An Overview 概况 of Nonverbal Communication (p191-199). What is nonverbal communication inclusive of 包括 according to it?The article illustrates several different kinds of nonverbal behaviors in five parts: paralanguage 副语言 (voice & intonation 声调 p191-192), kinesics 动作学 (gesture pl92-193, facial expression -smiles and laugh pl996-197), oculesics 眼神学(eye contact p194-196), haptics 触觉学 (handshaking & kissing p198-199).Supplement: What is Nonverbal Communication?Nonverbal communication is the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation of messages within a given situation or context. (L. A. Malandro, 1983)Narrowly speaking, nonverbal communication refers to intentional 故 意 use of bonspoken symbol to communicate a specific message. Broadly speaking, the term can be defined to refer to elements of 一部分 the environment that communicate by virtue of 由于 peoples use of be defined to refer to elements of the environment that communicate by virtue of peoples use of them.(i) Classifications of nonverbal communication by Knapp in 19721. kinesics or body language: gestures, posture, touch and feeling (handshaking), artifacts, olfaction 嗅觉, etc.2. oculesics or eye movements:3. facial expressions:4. proxemics: intimate space (0.5m), personal space (0.5-1.25m), social space (1.25-3.5m), and public space (over 3.5m). (Wrightsman etl. 1988:284)5. paralanguage: sound, pitch, tempo of speech, turn-taking, silence.(ii) Its features:1. Its communication in which words or speech sounds are not used.2. It conveys meaning.3. It involves such non-verbal dimensions 规模 as facial expressions, touch, time, gestures, smile, eye behaviors, smell, intonation 声调, etc.4. Its a discipline studying non-verbal behavior in communication.5. Its first of all used to convey messages to and receive messages from others.6. Its a process of communication by means of non-verbal behaviors.7. It may convey messages alone or in combination with verbal behaviors.8. It occurs in a given context or situation and is interpreted in relation to that situation or context.(e.g. blush: nervous or shy; biting ones nails)(iii) Its significanceNonverbal behavior is a significant area of communication study for at least three reasons. Nonverbal behavior accounts for 占比重 much of the meaning we get from conversations. Nonverbal behavior spontaneously 自 发 地 reflects the subconsciousness 潜意识. They are relatively free of distortions 扭曲失 真 and deception. We cannot avoid communicating through nonverbal signals.Besides, nonverbal behavior is significant because nonverbal communication can be open to many interpretations.(iv) Its functions (p 218-221):1. Repeating: People use nonverbal communication to repeat, clarify, and emphasize their point of view. For example, nod as saying yes. (The gestures and words have a similar meaning and reinforce 加强 one another.)2. Complementing: Nonverbal communication cues 提示 can add to or complement a verbal message. For example, scratch 抓 head, pat 轻拍 one on the shoulder while saying to him/her. (modify verbal communication by loudness and tone of voice).3. Substituting 取代: Nonverbal messages may substitute verbal ones in certain settings. There are situations in which words cannot be used. In a very noisy street, for example, police officer might use hand gestures to replace spoken messages. (gestures replace verbal communication)4. Regulating: Nonverbal behaviors can help control verbal interactions 语言互动 by regulating them, such as turn-taking 话轮转换 signals (hand raised) in conversations, nod one s head in agreement to indicate the speaker to continue talking.5. Contradicting: Certain nonverbal behaviors can contradict spoken words. E.g. Saying you are relaxed and at ease with quavering voices or shaking hands.6. Accenting 强 调 : the act of giving special importance or significance to something.(v) Gender and Nonverbal CommunicationRead the article Gender and Nonverbal Communication Are men and women expected to behave exactly in the same manner even in the same culture?We have to say that there are the so-called 所谓的 gender script in every culture. The nonverbal behaviors that result from this socialization are learned rather than innate 先天的, and they become part of an individual s experience as a gendered selfFor instance, to sit like a lady, not to cry to be a man, etc.1. Touch, like physical closeness 亲密, may be considered an expression of affection, support, or sexual attraction. For instance, in some cultur